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Federated learning (FL) is a widely used framework for machine learning in distributed data environments where clients hold data that cannot be easily centralised, such as for data protection reasons. FL, however, is known to be vulnerable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Dekai Zhang , Matthew Williams , Francesca Toni

Recent advances in machine learning have highlighted Federated Learning (FL) as a promising approach that enables multiple distributed users (so-called clients) to collectively train ML models without sharing their private data. While this…

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging distributed machine learning paradigm enabling collaborative model training on decentralized devices without exposing their local data. A key challenge in FL is the uneven data distribution across…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Md Sirajul Islam , Simin Javaherian , Fei Xu , Xu Yuan , Li Chen , Nian-Feng Tzeng

Federated Learning (FL) enables distributed learning across multiple clients without sharing raw data. When statistical heterogeneity across clients is severe, Clustered Federated Learning (CFL) can improve performance by grouping similar…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Sota Sugawara , Yuji Kawamata , Akihiro Toyoda , Tomoru Nakayama , Yukihiko Okada

Federated Learning (FL) is a machine learning paradigm that safeguards privacy by retaining client data on edge devices. However, optimizing FL in practice can be challenging due to the diverse and heterogeneous nature of the learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yongxin Guo , Xiaoying Tang , Tao Lin

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative learning without directly sharing individual's raw data. FL can be implemented in either a centralized (server-based) or decentralized (peer-to-peer) manner. In this survey, we present a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Qiongxiu Li , Wenrui Yu , Yufei Xia , Jun Pang

The future of machine learning lies in moving data collection along with training to the edge. Federated Learning, for short FL, has been recently proposed to achieve this goal. The principle of this approach is to aggregate models learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Adnan Ben Mansour , Gaia Carenini , Alexandre Duplessis

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning strategy, developed for settings where training data is owned by distributed devices and cannot be shared. FL circumvents this constraint by carrying out model training in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Maria Hartmann , Grégoire Danoy , Pascal Bouvry

With an increasing number of smart devices like internet of things (IoT) devices deployed in the field, offloadingtraining of neural networks (NNs) to a central server becomes more and more infeasible. Recent efforts toimprove users'…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Kilian Pfeiffer , Martin Rapp , Ramin Khalili , Jörg Henkel

Federated learning (FL) faces three major difficulties: cross-domain, heterogeneous models, and non-i.i.d. labels scenarios. Existing FL methods fail to handle the above three constraints at the same time, and the level of privacy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Chang Liu , Yuwen Yang , Xun Cai , Yue Ding , Hongtao Lu

Federated Learning (FL) is a decentralized paradigm that enables a client-server architecture to collaboratively train a global Artificial Intelligence model without sharing raw data, thereby preserving privacy. A key challenge in FL is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Michael Ben Ali , Imen Megdiche , André Peninou , Olivier Teste

One of the main challenges of federated learning (FL) is handling non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) client data, which may occur in practice due to unbalanced datasets and use of different data sources across clients.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Peng Wu , Tales Imbiriba , Pau Closas

The integration of IoT and AI has unlocked innovation across industries, but growing privacy concerns and data isolation hinder progress. Traditional centralized ML struggles to overcome these challenges, which has led to the rise of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Meriem Arbaoui , Mohamed-el-Amine Brahmia , Abdellatif Rahmoun , Mourad Zghal

Federated Learning (FL) is a method of training machine learning models on private data distributed over a large number of possibly heterogeneous clients such as mobile phones and IoT devices. In this work, we propose a new federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Enmao Diao , Jie Ding , Vahid Tarokh

Clustered Federated Learning (CFL) has emerged as a powerful approach for addressing data heterogeneity and ensuring privacy in large distributed IoT environments. By clustering clients and training cluster-specific models, CFL enables…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Sabtain Ahmad , Meerzhan Kanatbekova , Ivona Brandic , Atakan Aral

Federated learning (FL) is a recently proposed distributed machine learning paradigm dealing with distributed and private data sets. Based on the data partition pattern, FL is often categorized into horizontal, vertical, and hybrid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Xinwei Zhang , Wotao Yin , Mingyi Hong , Tianyi Chen

Federated learning is a distributed learning framework that takes full advantage of private data samples kept on edge devices. In real-world federated learning systems, these data samples are often decentralized and Non-Independently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Dun Zeng , Xiangjing Hu , Shiyu Liu , Yue Yu , Qifan Wang , Zenglin Xu

Federated learning (FL) demonstrates its advantages in integrating distributed infrastructure, communication, computing and learning in a privacy-preserving manner. However, the robustness and capabilities of existing FL methods are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Longbing Cao , Hui Chen , Xuhui Fan , Joao Gama , Yew-Soon Ong , Vipin Kumar

Federated Continual Learning (FCL) has emerged as a robust solution for collaborative model training in dynamic environments, where data samples are continuously generated and distributed across multiple devices. This survey provides a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Parisa Hamedi , Roozbeh Razavi-Far , Ehsan Hallaji

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed learning paradigm where clients collaboratively train a model while keeping their own data private. With an increasing scale of clients and models, FL encounters two key challenges, client drift due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Jianhui Sun , Xidong Wu , Heng Huang , Aidong Zhang