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Structured State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as a transformative paradigm in sequence modeling, addressing critical limitations of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and Transformers, namely, vanishing gradients, sequential computation…

Structured state-space models (SSMs) such as S4, stemming from the seminal work of Gu et al., are gaining popularity as effective approaches for modeling sequential data. Deep SSMs demonstrate outstanding performance across a diverse set of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Nicola Muca Cirone , Antonio Orvieto , Benjamin Walker , Cristopher Salvi , Terry Lyons

Structured state space models (SSMs) have recently emerged as a promising foundation for sequence modeling, with Mamba-based architectures demonstrating strong performance through input-dependent state transitions, albeit at considerable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Hassan Saadatmand , Geoffrey I. Webb , Hamid Rezatofighi , Mahsa Salehi

While Transformers have been the main architecture behind deep learning's success in language modeling, state-space models (SSMs) such as Mamba have recently been shown to match or outperform Transformers at small to medium scale. We show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Tri Dao , Albert Gu

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in integrating linear state-space models (SSM) in deep neural network architectures of foundation models. This is exemplified by the recent success of Mamba, showing better performance than…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-26 Carmen Amo Alonso , Jerome Sieber , Melanie N. Zeilinger

State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to the popular transformer-based models and have been increasingly gaining attention. Compared to transformers, SSMs excel at tasks with sequential data or longer contexts,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Xingtai Lv , Youbang Sun , Kaiyan Zhang , Shang Qu , Xuekai Zhu , Yuchen Fan , Yi Wu , Ermo Hua , Xinwei Long , Ning Ding , Bowen Zhou

Selective State-Space Models (SSMs) such as Mamba have emerged as an alternative architecture to self-attention based transformers in sequence modeling tasks. Recent works have demonstrated the use of transformers in some filtering and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Alex Tang , M. Emrullah Ildiz , Batin Kurt , Samet Oymak , Necmiye Ozay

State-space models (SSMs) have emerged as a potential alternative architecture for building large language models (LLMs) compared to the previously ubiquitous transformer architecture. One theoretical weakness of transformers is that they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 William Merrill , Jackson Petty , Ashish Sabharwal

State space models (SSM) have recently been shown to be very effective as a deep learning layer as a promising alternative to sequence models such as RNNs, CNNs, or Transformers. The first version to show this potential was the S4 model,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Albert Gu , Ankit Gupta , Karan Goel , Christopher Ré

State Space Models (SSMs), particularly the Mamba architecture, have recently emerged as powerful alternatives to Transformers for sequence modeling, offering linear computational complexity while achieving competitive performance. Yet,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Mohamed A. Mabrok , Yalda Zafari

Selective state-space models (SSMs) are an emerging alternative to the Transformer, offering the unique advantage of parallel training and sequential inference. Although these models have shown promising performance on a variety of tasks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Aleksandar Terzić , Michael Hersche , Giacomo Camposampiero , Thomas Hofmann , Abu Sebastian , Abbas Rahimi

Recently, recurrent models based on linear state space models (SSMs) have shown promising performance in language modeling (LM), competititve with transformers. However, there is little understanding of the in-principle abilities of such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Yash Sarrof , Yana Veitsman , Michael Hahn

Deep state-space models (SSMs) have gained increasing popularity in sequence modelling. While there are numerous theoretical investigations of shallow SSMs, how the depth of the SSM affects its expressiveness remains a crucial problem. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Zeyu Bao , Penghao Yu , Haotian Jiang , Qianxiao Li

Structured state space models' (SSMs) development in recent studies, such as Mamba and Mamba2, outperformed and solved the computational inefficiency of transformers and large language models at small to medium scale. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Emadeldeen Hamdan , Hongyi Pan , Ahmet Enis Cetin

Structured State Space Models (SSMs), which are at the heart of the recently popular Mamba architecture, are powerful tools for sequence modeling. However, their theoretical foundation relies on a complex, multi-stage process of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Sutashu Tomonaga , Kenji Doya , Noboru Murata

State-space models (SSMs) have recently attention as an efficient alternative to computationally expensive attention-based models for sequence modeling. They rely on linear recurrences to integrate information over time, enabling fast…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Mahdi Karami , Ali Behrouz , Peilin Zhong , Razvan Pascanu , Vahab Mirrokni

State-space models (SSMs) have recently emerged as a compelling alternative to Transformers for sequence modeling tasks. This paper presents a theoretical generalization analysis of selective SSMs, the core architectural component behind…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Arya Honarpisheh , Mustafa Bozdag , Octavia Camps , Mario Sznaier

Mamba, a special case of the State Space Model, is gaining popularity as an alternative to template-based deep learning approaches in medical image analysis. While transformers are powerful architectures, they have drawbacks, including…

A central goal of sequence modeling is designing a single principled model that can address sequence data across a range of modalities and tasks, particularly on long-range dependencies. Although conventional models including RNNs, CNNs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Albert Gu , Karan Goel , Christopher Ré

State Space Model (SSM) is a mathematical model used to describe and analyze the behavior of dynamic systems. This model has witnessed numerous applications in several fields, including control theory, signal processing, economics and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Xiao Liu , Chenxu Zhang , Lei Zhang
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