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Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance on downstream tasks through in-context learning (ICL), which heavily relies on the demonstrations selected from annotated datasets. However, these datasets often exhibit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Hongfu Gao , Feipeng Zhang , Hao Zeng , Deyu Meng , Bingyi Jing , Hongxin Wei

In-context learning (ICL) allows large language models (LLMs) to solve novel tasks without weight updates. Despite its empirical success, the mechanism behind ICL remains poorly understood, limiting our ability to interpret, improve, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Chengye Li , Haiyun Liu , Yuanxi Li

In-context learning (ICL) allows large models to adapt to tasks using a few examples, yet its extension to vision-language models (VLMs) remains fragile. Our analysis reveals that the fundamental limitation lies in an inductive gap, models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Haoyu Wang , Haonan Wang , Yuyan Chen , Jun Chen , Gang Liu , Qian Wang , Jiahong Yan , Yanghua Xiao

In-Context Learning (ICL) is a technique by which language models make predictions based on examples provided in their input context. Previously, their context window size imposed a limit on the number of examples that can be shown, making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Jinheon Baek , Sun Jae Lee , Prakhar Gupta , Geunseob Oh , Siddharth Dalmia , Prateek Kolhar

Despite growing interest in using large language models (LLMs) to automate annotation, their effectiveness in complex, nuanced, and multi-dimensional labelling tasks remains relatively underexplored. This study focuses on annotation for the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Leila Tavakoli , Hamed Zamani

Scaling up test-time compute, by generating multiple independent solutions and selecting or aggregating among them, has become a central paradigm for improving large language models (LLMs) on challenging reasoning tasks. While most prior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Wenting Zhao , Pranjal Aggarwal , Swarnadeep Saha , Asli Celikyilmaz , Jason Weston , Ilia Kulikov

In-Context Learning (ICL) enables pretrained LLMs to adapt to downstream tasks by conditioning on a small set of input-output demonstrations, without any parameter updates. Although there have been many theoretical efforts to explain how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Xuhan Tong , Yuchen Zeng , Jiawei Zhang

Large Language models (LLMs) possess the capability to engage In-context Learning (ICL) by leveraging a few demonstrations pertaining to a new downstream task as conditions. However, this particular learning paradigm suffers from high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Hongfu Liu , Ye Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved promising results in sentiment analysis through the in-context learning (ICL) paradigm. However, their ability to distinguish subtle sentiments still remains a challenge. Inspired by the human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Hongling Xu , Qianlong Wang , Yice Zhang , Min Yang , Xi Zeng , Bing Qin , Ruifeng Xu

Large-scale neural language models exhibit a remarkable capacity for in-context learning (ICL): they can infer novel functions from datasets provided as input. Most of our current understanding of when and how ICL arises comes from LMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Ekin Akyürek , Bailin Wang , Yoon Kim , Jacob Andreas

In-Context Learning (ICL) combined with pre-trained large language models has achieved promising results on various NLP tasks. However, ICL requires high-quality annotated demonstrations which might not be available in real-world scenarios.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Dawei Li , Yaxuan Li , Dheeraj Mekala , Shuyao Li , Yulin wang , Xueqi Wang , William Hogan , Jingbo Shang

Motivated by in-context learning (ICL) capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), multimodal LLMs with additional visual modality are also exhibited with similar ICL abilities when multiple image-text pairs are provided as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Nan Xu , Fei Wang , Sheng Zhang , Hoifung Poon , Muhao Chen

In-context learning (ICL) in Large Language Models (LLMs) has emerged as a powerful new learning paradigm. However, its underlying mechanism is still not well understood. In particular, it is challenging to map it to the "standard" machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Roee Hendel , Mor Geva , Amir Globerson

A common practice in building NLP datasets, especially using crowd-sourced annotations, involves obtaining multiple annotator judgements on the same data instances, which are then flattened to produce a single "ground truth" label or score,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Aida Mostafazadeh Davani , Mark Díaz

Large language models (LLMs) are remarkable data annotators. They can be used to generate high-fidelity supervised training data, as well as survey and experimental data. With the widespread adoption of LLMs, human gold--standard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Veniamin Veselovsky , Manoel Horta Ribeiro , Robert West

Natural language inference (NLI) aims at predicting the relationship between a given pair of premise and hypothesis. However, several works have found that there widely exists a bias pattern called annotation artifacts in NLI datasets,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Guanhua Zhang , Bing Bai , Junqi Zhang , Kun Bai , Conghui Zhu , Tiejun Zhao

In-context Learning (ICL) utilizes structured demonstration-query inputs to induce few-shot learning on Language Models (LMs), which are not originally pre-trained on ICL-style data. To bridge the gap between ICL and pre-training, some…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Hakaze Cho , Peng Luo , Mariko Kato , Rin Kaenbyou , Naoya Inoue

We investigate the role of various demonstration components in the in-context learning (ICL) performance of large language models (LLMs). Specifically, we explore the impacts of ground-truth labels, input distribution, and complementary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Fuxiao Liu , Paiheng Xu , Zongxia Li , Yue Feng , Hyemi Song

Large-scale Transformer language models (LMs) trained solely on next-token prediction with web-scale data can solve a wide range of tasks after seeing just a few examples. The mechanism behind this capability, known as in-context learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Jingcheng Niu , Subhabrata Dutta , Ahmed Elshabrawy , Harish Tayyar Madabushi , Iryna Gurevych

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable in-context learning (ICL) abilities. However, existing theoretical analysis of ICL primarily exhibits two limitations: (a) Limited i.i.d. Setting. Most studies focus on supervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Zixuan Gong , Xiaolin Hu , Huayi Tang , Yong Liu