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State Space Models (SSMs) have recently enjoyed a rise to prominence in the field of deep learning for sequence modeling, especially as an alternative to Transformers. Their success stems from avoiding two well-known drawbacks of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Stefano Rando , Luca Romani , Matteo Migliarini , Luca Franco , Denis Gudovskiy , Fabio Galasso

Although transformers dominate many code-specific tasks, they have significant limitations. This paper explores State Space Models (SSMs) as a promising alternative for code understanding tasks such as retrieval, classification, and clone…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Shweta Verma , Abhinav Anand , Mira Mezini

Structured state space models (SSMs), the core engine behind prominent neural networks such as S4 and Mamba, are linear dynamical systems adhering to a specified structure, most notably diagonal. In contrast to typical neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Yuval Ran-Milo , Eden Lumbroso , Edo Cohen-Karlik , Raja Giryes , Amir Globerson , Nadav Cohen

Transformers are the cornerstone of modern large language models, but their quadratic computational complexity limits efficiency in long-sequence processing. Recent advancements in Mamba, a state space model (SSM) with linear complexity,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Yixing Li , Ruobing Xie , Zhen Yang , Xingwu Sun , Shuaipeng Li , Weidong Han , Zhanhui Kang , Yu Cheng , Chengzhong Xu , Di Wang , Jie Jiang

Quantization is an effective way to reduce the memory cost of large-scale model training. However, most existing methods adopt fixed-precision policies, which ignore the fact that optimizer-state distributions vary significantly across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Minglu Liu , Cunchen Hu , Liangliang Xu , Fengming Tang , Ruijia Wang , Fu Yu

Arbitrary scale super-resolution (ASSR) aims to super-resolve low-resolution images to high-resolution images at any scale using a single model, addressing the limitations of traditional super-resolution methods that are restricted to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Peizhe Xia , Long Peng , Xin Di , Renjing Pei , Yang Wang , Yang Cao , Zheng-Jun Zha

Several post-training quantization methods have been applied to large language models (LLMs), and have been shown to perform well down to 8-bits. We find that these methods break down at lower bit precision, and investigate quantization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Zechun Liu , Barlas Oguz , Changsheng Zhao , Ernie Chang , Pierre Stock , Yashar Mehdad , Yangyang Shi , Raghuraman Krishnamoorthi , Vikas Chandra

Vision Mambas (ViMs) achieve remarkable success with sub-quadratic complexity, but their efficiency remains constrained by quadratic token scaling with image resolution. While existing methods address token redundancy, they overlook ViMs'…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yan Wen , Peng Ye , Lin Zhang , Baopu Li , Jiakang Yuan , Yaoxin Yang , Tao Chen

Foundational models have significantly advanced in natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV), with the Transformer architecture becoming a standard backbone. However, the Transformer's quadratic complexity poses challenges…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Lv Tang , HaoKe Xiao , Peng-Tao Jiang , Hao Zhang , Jinwei Chen , Bo Li

Segment Anything Model (SAM) exhibits remarkable zero-shot segmentation capability; however, its prohibitive computational costs make edge deployment challenging. Although post-training quantization (PTQ) offers a promising compression…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jing Zhang , Zhikai Li , Chengzhi Hu , Xuewen Liu , Qingyi Gu

Recent work has revealed that state space models (SSMs), while efficient for long-sequence processing, are fundamentally limited in their ability to represent formal languages-particularly due to time-invariant and real-valued recurrence…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Arjun Karuvally , Franz Nowak , Anderson T. Keller , Carmen Amo Alonso , Terrence J. Sejnowski , Hava T. Siegelmann

Network quantization is a dominant paradigm of model compression. However, the abrupt changes in quantized weights during training often lead to severe loss fluctuations and result in a sharp loss landscape, making the gradients unstable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Jing Liu , Jianfei Cai , Bohan Zhuang

Human activity recognition (HAR) from inertial sensors is essential for ubiquitous computing, mobile health, and ambient intelligence. Conventional deep models such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs),…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Thai-Khanh Nguyen , Uyen Vo , Tan M. Nguyen , Thieu N. Vo , Trung-Hieu Le , Cuong Pham

Vision State Space Models (SSMs) like Vim, VMamba, and SiMBA rely on complex scanning strategies to adapt sequential SSMs to process 2D images, introducing computational overhead and architectural complexity. We propose HAMSA, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Badri N. Patro , Vijay S. Agneeswaran

Mamba is an efficient State Space Model (SSM) with linear computational complexity. Although SSMs are not suitable for handling non-causal data, Vision Mamba (ViM) methods still demonstrate good performance in tasks such as image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Juntao Zhang , Shaogeng Liu , Kun Bian , You Zhou , Pei Zhang , Jianning Liu , Jun Zhou , Bingyan Liu

Transformers have demonstrated impressive results for 3D point cloud semantic segmentation. However, the quadratic complexity of transformer makes computation costs high, limiting the number of points that can be processed simultaneously…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Zhuoyuan Li , Yubo Ai , Jiahao Lu , ChuXin Wang , Jiacheng Deng , Hanzhi Chang , Yanzhe Liang , Wenfei Yang , Shifeng Zhang , Tianzhu Zhang

State Space Models (SSMs) are efficient alternatives to traditional sequence models, excelling at processing long sequences with lower computational complexity. Their reliance on matrix multiplications makes them ideal for compute-in-memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Yuannuo Feng , Wenyong Zhou , Yuexi Lyu , Hanjie Liu , Zhengwu Liu , Ngai Wong , Wang Kang

Recent advances in deep learning have mainly relied on Transformers due to their data dependency and ability to learn at scale. The attention module in these architectures, however, exhibits quadratic time and space in input size, limiting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Ali Behrouz , Michele Santacatterina , Ramin Zabih

In this paper, we analyze the computational limitations of Mamba and State-space Models (SSMs) by using the circuit complexity framework. Despite Mamba's stateful design and recent attention as a strong candidate to outperform Transformers,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Yifang Chen , Xiaoyu Li , Yingyu Liang , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song

Image restoration endeavors to reconstruct a high-quality, detail-rich image from a degraded counterpart, which is a pivotal process in photography and various computer vision systems. In real-world scenarios, different types of degradation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Yuhong He , Long Peng , Qiaosi Yi , Chen Wu , Lu Wang