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We investigate the asymptotic properties of deep Residual networks (ResNets) as the number of layers increases. We first show the existence of scaling regimes for trained weights markedly different from those implicitly assumed in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Rama Cont , Alain Rossier , Renyuan Xu

Nonlinear data visualization using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) enables the representation of complex single-cell transcriptomic landscapes in two or three dimensions to depict biological populations accurately.…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-02 Hui Ma , Kai Chen

Data are not only ubiquitous in society, but are increasingly complex both in size and dimensionality. Dimension reduction offers researchers and scholars the ability to make such complex, high dimensional data spaces simpler and more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Philip D. Waggoner

We introduce a nonlinear method for directly embedding large, sparse, stochastic graphs into low-dimensional spaces, without requiring vertex features to reside in, or be transformed into, a metric space. Graph data and models are prevalent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Nikos Pitsianis , Alexandros-Stavros Iliopoulos , Dimitris Floros , Xiaobai Sun

The optimization of electric machines at multiple operating points is crucial for applications that require frequent changes on speeds and loads, such as the electric vehicles, to strive for the machine optimal performance across the entire…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Shen Zhang , Shibo Zhang , Sufei Li , Liang Du , Thomas G. Habetler

Conditional t-SNE (ct-SNE) is a recent extension to t-SNE that allows removal of known cluster information from the embedding, to obtain a visualization revealing structure beyond label information. This is useful, for example, when one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Edith Heiter , Bo Kang , Ruth Seurinck , Jefrey Lijffijt

Dimensionality reduction and manifold learning methods such as t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) are routinely used to map high-dimensional data into a 2-dimensional space to visualize and explore the data. However, two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Bo Kang , Darío García García , Jefrey Lijffijt , Raúl Santos-Rodríguez , Tijl De Bie

Deep neural networks often require copious amount of labeled-data to train their scads of parameters. Training larger and deeper networks is hard without appropriate regularization, particularly while using a small dataset. Laterally,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Xiang Xu , Xiong Zhou , Ragav Venkatesan , Gurumurthy Swaminathan , Orchid Majumder

Most existing graph visualization methods based on dimension reduction are limited to relatively small graphs due to performance issues. In this work, we propose a novel dimension reduction method for graph visualization, called…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Xinyu Li , Yao Xiao , Yuchen Zhou

Dimensional data reduction methods are fundamental to explore and visualize large data sets. Basic requirements for unsupervised data exploration are simplicity, flexibility and scalability. However, current methods show complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Joan Garriga , Frederic Bartumeus

Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (SNE) methods minimize the divergence between the similarity matrix of a high-dimensional data set and its counterpart from a low-dimensional embedding, leading to widely applied tools for data visualization.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Yao Lu , Jukka Corander , Zhirong Yang

Hyperspectral Imagery (and Remote Sensing in general) captured from UAVs or satellites are highly voluminous in nature due to the large spatial extent and wavelengths captured by them. Since analyzing these images requires a huge amount of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-12 Megh Shukla , Biplab Banerjee , Krishna Mohan Buddhiraju

The clustering and visualisation of high-dimensional data is a ubiquitous task in modern data science. Popular techniques include nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods like t-SNE or UMAP. These methods face the `scale-problem' of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-20 Jack Kendrick

The central goal of this paper is to establish two commonly available dimensionality reduction (DR) methods i.e. t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) and Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) in Matlab and to observe their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Shadman Sakib , Md. Abu Bakr Siddique , Md. Abdur Rahman

t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) for the visualization of multidimensional data has proven to be a popular approach, with successful applications in a wide range of domains. Despite their usefulness, t-SNE projections can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Angelos Chatzimparmpas , Rafael M. Martins , Andreas Kerren

Across many scientific fields, measurements often represent the number of times an event occurs. For example, a document can be represented by word occurrence counts, neural activity by spike counts per time window, or online communication…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-21 Noga Mudrik , Adam S. Charles

Embedding and visualizing large-scale high-dimensional data in a two-dimensional space is an important problem since such visualization can reveal deep insights out of complex data. Most of the existing embedding approaches, however, run on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-06 Minjeong Kim , Minsuk Choi , Sunwoong Lee , Jian Tang , Haesun Park , Jaegul Choo

t-distributed Stochastic Neighborhood Embedding (t-SNE), a clustering and visualization method proposed by van der Maaten & Hinton in 2008, has rapidly become a standard tool in a number of natural sciences. Despite its overwhelming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-09 George C. Linderman , Stefan Steinerberger

Cluster visualization is an essential task for nonlinear dimensionality reduction as a data analysis tool. It is often believed that Student t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) can show clusters for well clusterable data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Zhirong Yang , Yuwei Chen , Jukka Corander

Dimensionality reduction techniques are essential for visualizing and analyzing high-dimensional biological sequencing data. t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) is widely used for this purpose, traditionally employing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Avais Jan , Prakash Chourasia , Sarwan Ali , Murray Patterson