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Text-to-SQL systems (also known as NL-to-SQL systems) have become an increasingly popular solution for bridging the gap between user capabilities and SQL-based data access. These systems translate user requests in natural language to valid…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Jonathan Fürst , Catherine Kosten , Farhad Nooralahzadeh , Yi Zhang , Kurt Stockinger

Data augmentation has attracted a lot of research attention in the deep learning era for its ability in alleviating data sparseness. The lack of labeled data for unseen evaluation databases is exactly the major challenge for cross-domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Kun Wu , Lijie Wang , Zhenghua Li , Ao Zhang , Xinyan Xiao , Hua Wu , Min Zhang , Haifeng Wang

Modern Text-to-SQL systems generate multiple candidate SQL queries and rank them to judge a final prediction. However, existing methods face two limitations. First, they often score functionally equivalent SQL queries inconsistently despite…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Hojae Han , Yeonseok Jeong , Seung-won Hwang , Zhewei Yao , Yuxiong He

Text-to-SQL enables users to interact with databases through natural language, simplifying access to structured data. Although highly capable large language models (LLMs) achieve strong accuracy for complex queries, they incur unnecessary…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Mohammadhossein Malekpour , Nour Shaheen , Foutse Khomh , Amine Mhedhbi

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved the accuracy of Text-to-SQL systems. However, a critical challenge remains: the semantic mismatch between natural language questions (NLQs) and their corresponding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Shaoming Duan , Zirui Wang , Chuanyi Liu , Zhibin Zhu , Yuhao Zhang , Peiyi Han , Liang Yan , Zewu Peng

We explore using T5 (Raffel et al. (2019)) to directly translate natural language questions into SQL statements. General purpose natural language that interfaces to information stored within databases requires flexibly translating natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Ning Li , Bethany Keller , Mark Butler , Daniel Cer

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promising performance on tasks that require reasoning, such as text-to-SQL, code generation, and debugging. However, regulatory frameworks with strict privacy requirements constrain their integration…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Sepideh Abedini , Shubhankar Mohapatra , D. B. Emerson , Masoumeh Shafieinejad , Jesse C. Cresswell , Xi He

The task of text-to-SQL aims to convert a natural language question into its corresponding SQL query within the context of relational tables. Existing text-to-SQL parsers generate a "plausible" SQL query for an arbitrary user question,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Bing Wang , Yan Gao , Zhoujun Li , Jian-Guang Lou

Text-to-SQL, a pivotal natural language processing (NLP) task that converts textual queries into executable SQL, has seen substantial progress in recent years. However, existing evaluation and reward mechanisms used to train and assess the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Guifeng Wang , Yuanfeng Song , Meng Yang , Tao Zhu , Xiaoming Yin , Xing Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have been adopted to perform text-to-SQL tasks, utilizing their in-context learning (ICL) capability to translate natural language questions into structured query language (SQL). However, such a technique faces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Jiawei Shen , Chengcheng Wan , Ruoyi Qiao , Jiazhen Zou , Hang Xu , Yuchen Shao , Yueling Zhang , Weikai Miao , Geguang Pu

Explaining the decisions of AI has become vital for fostering appropriate user trust in these systems. This paper investigates explanations for a structured prediction task called ``text-to-SQL Semantic Parsing'', which translates a natural…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Daking Rai , Rydia R. Weiland , Kayla Margaret Gabriella Herrera , Tyler H. Shaw , Ziyu Yao

SQL dialects vary in syntax, types, and functions across database engines. Text-to-SQL benchmarks, however, predominantly support only SQLite. This creates a critical evaluation gap: cross-dialect evaluation reveals weak per-query agreement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yotam Perlitz , Elad Venezian , Corentin Royer , Francesco Fusco , Andrea Giovannini

We present a comparison of word-based and character-based sequence-to-sequence models for data-to-text natural language generation, which generate natural language descriptions for structured inputs. On the datasets of two recent generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-12 Glorianna Jagfeld , Sabrina Jenne , Ngoc Thang Vu

The text-to-SQL task aims to convert natural language into Structured Query Language (SQL) without bias. Recently, text-to-SQL methods based on large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention. The core of mainstream…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Zeshun You , Jiebin Yao , Dong Cheng , Zhiwei Wen , Zhiliang Lu , Xianyi Shen

Big data management aims to establish data hubs that support data in multiple models and types in an all-around way. Thus, the multi-model database system is a promising architecture for building such a multi-model data store. For an…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Yu Yan , Nan Jiang , Hongzhi Wang , Yutong Wang , Chang Liu , Yuzhuo Wang

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have enabled in-context learning (ICL)-based methods that significantly outperform fine-tuning approaches for text-to-SQL tasks. However, their performance is still considerably lower than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Dongjun Lee , Choongwon Park , Jaehyuk Kim , Heesoo Park

Large language models (LLMs) with in-context learning have significantly improved the performance of text-to-SQL task. Previous works generally focus on using exclusive SQL generation prompt to improve the LLMs' reasoning ability. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Zhenhe Wu , Zhongqiu Li , Jie Zhang , Mengxiang Li , Yu Zhao , Ruiyu Fang , Zhongjiang He , Xuelong Li , Zhoujun Li , Shuangyong Song

With Large Language Models' (LLMs) emergent abilities on code generation tasks, Text-to-SQL has become one of the most popular downstream applications. Despite the strong results of multiple recent LLM-based Text-to-SQL frameworks, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Dazhi Peng

While large language models (LLMs) have substantially improved Text-to-SQL generation, a pronounced gap remains between AI systems and human experts on challenging benchmarks such as BIRD-SQL. We argue this gap stems largely from the…

Large language models (LLMs) have advanced Text-to-SQL, yet existing solutions still fall short of system-level reliability. The limitation is not merely in individual modules -- e.g., schema linking, reasoning, and verification -- but more…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Boyan Li , Chong Chen , Zhujun Xue , Yinan Mei , Yuyu Luo