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Deep Neural Networks have often been called the black box because of the complex, deep architecture and non-transparency presented by the inner layers. There is a lack of trust to use Artificial Intelligence in critical and high-precision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Frincy Clement , Ji Yang , Irene Cheng

Explainable AI has emerged to be a key component for black-box machine learning approaches in domains with a high demand for reliability or transparency. Examples are medical assistant systems, and applications concerned with the General…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Johannes Rabold , Gesina Schwalbe , Ute Schmid

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used for high-stakes applications like medicine, often surpassing human performance. However, most explanation methods rely on post-hoc attribution, approximating the decision-making process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Kerol Djoumessi , Philipp Berens

We present a novel method of using explainability techniques to design physics-aware neural networks. We demonstrate our approach by developing a convolutional neural network (CNN) for solving an inverse problem for shallow subsurface…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Jodie Crocker , Krishna Kumar , Brady R. Cox

Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are sensitive infrastructure from both safety and economics perspectives, making their reliability critically important. Machine Learning (ML), specifically deep learning, is increasingly integrated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Annemarie Jutte , Uraz Odyurt

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in medical diagnostics is often hindered by model opacity, where high-accuracy systems function as "black boxes" without transparent reasoning. This limitation is critical in clinical…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-23 Pascal Passigan , Vayd Ramkumar

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) define the current state-of-the-art for image recognition. With their emerging popularity, especially for critical applications like medical image analysis or self-driving cars, confirmability is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Keyang Zhou , Bernhard Kainz

The increasing complexity and frequency of cyber-threats demand intrusion detection systems (IDS) that are not only accurate but also interpretable. This paper presented a novel IDS framework that integrated Explainable Artificial…

In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm to detect anomaly in terms of Key Parameter Indicators (KPI)s over live cellular networks based on the combination of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), as…

Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are known for their excellent feature extraction capabilities to enable the learning of models from data, yet are used as black boxes. An interpretation of the convolutional filtres and associated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Shagufta Henna , Juan Miguel Lopez Alcaraz

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) excel in graph-based learning tasks, but their complex, non-linear operations often render them as opaque "black boxes". This opacity hinders user trust, complicates debugging, bias detection, and adoption in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 TC Singh , Sougata Mukherjea

As an emerging field in Machine Learning, Explainable AI (XAI) has been offering remarkable performance in interpreting the decisions made by Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). To achieve visual explanations for CNNs, methods based on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Sam Sattarzadeh , Mahesh Sudhakar , Anthony Lem , Shervin Mehryar , K. N. Plataniotis , Jongseong Jang , Hyunwoo Kim , Yeonjeong Jeong , Sangmin Lee , Kyunghoon Bae

Modern data analytics underpinned by machine learning techniques has become a key enabler to the automation of data-led decision making. As an important branch of state-of-the-art data analytics, business process predictions are also faced…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-22 Chun Ouyang , Renuka Sindhgatta , Catarina Moreira

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques have become integral part in advancing next generation wireless communication systems by enabling sophisticated data modeling and feature extraction for enhanced network performance. In the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Osman Tugay Basaran , Falko Dressler

Because of their state-of-the-art performance in computer vision, CNNs are becoming increasingly popular in a variety of fields, including medicine. However, as neural networks are black box function approximators, it is difficult, if not…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Pieter Van Molle , Miguel De Strooper , Tim Verbelen , Bert Vankeirsbilck , Pieter Simoens , Bart Dhoedt

Explainable anomaly detection methods often have the capability to identify and spatially localise anomalies within an image but lack the capability to differentiate the type of anomaly. Furthermore, they often require the costly training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Alex George , Lyudmila Mihaylova , Sean Anderson

A main drawback of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) approaches is the feature independence assumption, hindering the study of potential variable dependencies. This leads to approximating black box behaviors by analyzing the effects…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Martina Cinquini , Riccardo Guidotti

Anomaly detection describes methods of finding abnormal states, instances or data points that differ from a normal value space. Industrial processes are a domain where predicitve models are needed for finding anomalous data instances for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-26 Alexander Zeiser , Bas van Stein , Thomas Bäck

To equip Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with explainability, it is essential to interpret how opaque models take specific decisions, understand what causes the errors, improve the architecture design, and identify unethical biases in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Mohammad Mahdi Dehshibi , Mona Ashtari-Majlan , Gereziher Adhane , David Masip

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems utilizing deep neural networks (DNNs) and machine learning (ML) algorithms are widely used for solving important problems in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and precision medicine. However,…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-02-24 Md. Rezaul Karim , Tanhim Islam , Oya Beyan , Christoph Lange , Michael Cochez , Dietrich Rebholz-Schuhmann , Stefan Decker