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In this work we examine LLMs' ability to ask clarification questions in task-oriented dialogues that follow the asynchronous instruction-giver/instruction-follower format. We present a new corpus that combines two existing annotations of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Chris Madge , Matthew Purver , Massimo Poesio

Large Language Models (LLMs) are intended to reflect human linguistic competencies. But humans have access to a broad and embodied context, which is key in detecting and resolving linguistic ambiguities, even in isolated text spans. A…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Amber Shore , Russell Scheinberg , Ameeta Agrawal , So Young Lee

Incorporating external knowledge sources effectively in conversations is a longstanding problem in open-domain dialogue research. The existing literature on open-domain knowledge selection is limited and makes certain brittle assumptions on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Mihail Eric , Nicole Chartier , Behnam Hedayatnia , Karthik Gopalakrishnan , Pankaj Rajan , Yang Liu , Dilek Hakkani-Tur

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite extensive pretraining on broad internet corpora, often struggle to adapt effectively to specialized domains. There is growing interest in fine-tuning these models for such domains; however, progress is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Vincent Grari , Ciprian Tomoiaga , Sylvain Lamprier , Tatsunori Hashimoto , Marcin Detyniecki

In recent years, the input context sizes of large language models (LLMs) have increased dramatically. However, existing evaluation methods have not kept pace, failing to comprehensively assess the efficiency of models in handling long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Yuri Kuratov , Aydar Bulatov , Petr Anokhin , Ivan Rodkin , Dmitry Sorokin , Artyom Sorokin , Mikhail Burtsev

Ambiguity is inherent to open-domain question answering; especially when exploring new topics, it can be difficult to ask questions that have a single, unambiguous answer. In this paper, we introduce AmbigQA, a new open-domain question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Sewon Min , Julian Michael , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Luke Zettlemoyer

Large language model (LLM) agents are increasingly employing retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to improve the factuality of their responses. However, in practice, these systems often need to handle ambiguous user queries and potentially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Han Wang , Archiki Prasad , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal

Distributed knowledge based applications in open domain rely on common sense information which is bound to be uncertain and incomplete. To draw the useful conclusions from ambiguous data, one must address uncertainties and conflicts…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-01 Benson Hin Kwong Ng , Kam-Fai Wong , Boon-Toh Low

Precisely understanding users' contextual search intent has been an important challenge for conversational search. As conversational search sessions are much more diverse and long-tailed, existing methods trained on limited data still show…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Kelong Mao , Zhicheng Dou , Fengran Mo , Jiewen Hou , Haonan Chen , Hongjin Qian

Open-retrieval question answering systems are generally trained and tested on large datasets in well-established domains. However, low-resource settings such as new and emerging domains would especially benefit from reliable question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Alon Albalak , Sharon Levy , William Yang Wang

We study how large language models (LLMs) reason about memorized knowledge through simple binary relations such as equality ($=$), inequality ($<$), and inclusion ($\subset$). Unlike in-context reasoning, the axioms (e.g., $a < b, b < c$)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Jonathan Shaki , Emanuele La Malfa , Michael Wooldridge , Sarit Kraus

Human cognition is constrained by processing limitations, leading to cognitive overload and inefficiencies in knowledge synthesis and decision-making. Large Language Models (LLMs) present an opportunity for cognitive augmentation, but their…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Xiangrong , Zhu , Yuan Xu , Tianjian Liu , Jingwei Sun , Yu Zhang , Xin Tong

A lively ongoing debate is taking place, since the extraordinary emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) with regards to their capability to understand the world and capture the meaning of the dialogues in which they are involved.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Daniel N. Nissani

Many open-domain questions are under-specified and thus have multiple possible answers, each of which is correct under a different interpretation of the question. Answering such ambiguous questions is challenging, as it requires retrieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Haitian Sun , William W. Cohen , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Long-context modeling is one of the critical capabilities of language AI for digesting and reasoning over complex information pieces. In practice, long-context capabilities are typically built into a pre-trained language model~(LM) through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Luyu Gao , Yunyi Zhang , Jamie Callan

Answering questions related to the legal domain is a complex task, primarily due to the intricate nature and diverse range of legal document systems. Providing an accurate answer to a legal query typically necessitates specialized knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Abdelrahman Abdallah , Bhawna Piryani , Adam Jatowt

One way to address safety risks from large language models (LLMs) is to censor dangerous knowledge from their training data. While this removes the explicit information, implicit information can remain scattered across various training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Johannes Treutlein , Dami Choi , Jan Betley , Samuel Marks , Cem Anil , Roger Grosse , Owain Evans

Large language models have demonstrated impressive retrieval-augmented capabilities. However, a crucial area remains underexplored: their ability to appropriately adapt responses to the certainty of the retrieved information. It is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Behzad Shayegh , Mohamed Osama Ahmed , Fred Tung , Leo Feng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong performance on NLP classification tasks. However, they typically rely on aggregated labels-often via majority voting-which can obscure the human disagreement inherent in subjective annotations.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Benedetta Muscato , Yue Li , Gizem Gezici , Zhixue Zhao , Fosca Giannotti

People increasingly turn to large language models (LLMs) to interpret ambiguous social situations: a delayed text reply, an unusually cold supervisor, a teacher's mixed signals, or a boundary-crossing friend. Yet in many such cases, no…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Qiming Yuan , Linyi Han , Nam Ling , Cihan Ruan