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Lexical matching remains the de facto evaluation method for open-domain question answering (QA). Unfortunately, lexical matching fails completely when a plausible candidate answer does not appear in the list of gold answers, which is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Ehsan Kamalloo , Nouha Dziri , Charles L. A. Clarke , Davood Rafiei

Legal documents have complex document layouts involving multiple nested sections, lengthy footnotes and further use specialized linguistic devices like intricate syntax and domain-specific vocabulary to ensure precision and authority. These…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Anagha Kulkarni , Parin Rajesh Jhaveri , Prasha Shrestha , Yu Tong Han , Reza Amini , Behrouz Madahian

Open-ended question answering requires models to find appropriate evidence to form wellreasoned, comprehensive and helpful answers. In practical applications, models also need to engage in extended discussions on potential scenarios closely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Mingxu Tao , Dongyan Zhao , Yansong Feng

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to assign document relevance labels in information retrieval pipelines, especially in domains lacking human-labeled data. However, different models often disagree on borderline cases,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-04 William A. Ingram , Bipasha Banerjee , Edward A. Fox

How do language models use contextual information to answer health questions? How are their responses impacted by conflicting contexts? We assess the ability of language models to reason over long, conflicting biomedical contexts using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Boya Zhang , Alban Bornet , Rui Yang , Nan Liu , Douglas Teodoro

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a commonly used approach for enhancing large language models (LLMs) with relevant and up-to-date information. However, the retrieved sources can often contain conflicting information and it remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Arie Cattan , Alon Jacovi , Ori Ram , Jonathan Herzig , Roee Aharoni , Sasha Goldshtein , Eran Ofek , Idan Szpektor , Avi Caciularu

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) mitigates many problems of fully parametric language models, such as temporal degradation, hallucinations, and lack of grounding. In RAG, the model's knowledge can be updated from documents provided in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Evgenii Kortukov , Alexander Rubinstein , Elisa Nguyen , Seong Joon Oh

Open-domain question answering (QA) systems are often built with retrieval modules. However, retrieving passages from a given source is known to suffer from insufficient knowledge coverage. Alternatively, prompting large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yunxiang Zhang , Muhammad Khalifa , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Moontae Lee , Honglak Lee , Lu Wang

In this paper, we explore the challenges inherent to Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4, particularly their propensity for hallucinations, logic mistakes, and incorrect conclusions when tasked with answering complex questions. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Xiang Li , Haoran Tang , Siyu Chen , Ziwei Wang , Anurag Maravi , Marcin Abram

Large language models (LLMs) have raised hopes for automated end-to-end fact-checking, but prior studies report mixed results. As mainstream chatbots increasingly ship with reasoning capabilities and web search tools -- and millions of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Matthew R. DeVerna , Kai-Cheng Yang , Harry Yaojun Yan , Filippo Menczer

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become essential for offensive language detection, yet their ability to handle annotation disagreement remains underexplored. Disagreement samples, which arise from subjective interpretations, pose a unique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Junyu Lu , Kai Ma , Kaichun Wang , Kelaiti Xiao , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Bo Xu , Liang Yang , Hongfei Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are extensively used today across various sectors, including academia, research, business, and finance, for tasks such as text generation, summarization, and translation. Despite their widespread adoption, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Yash Saxena , Sarthak Chopra , Arunendra Mani Tripathi

Large language models (LLMs) have delivered significant breakthroughs across diverse domains but can still produce unreliable or misleading outputs, posing critical challenges for real-world applications. While many recent studies focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Yang Nan , Pengfei He , Ravi Tandon , Han Xu

Open Domain Question Answering requires systems to retrieve external knowledge and perform multi-hop reasoning by composing knowledge spread over multiple sentences. In the recently introduced open domain question answering challenge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Pratyay Banerjee , Chitta Baral

Open-domain question answering (QA) aims to find the answer to a question from a large collection of documents.Though many models for single-document machine comprehension have achieved strong performance, there is still much room for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Mantong Zhou , Zhouxing Shi , Minlie Huang , Xiaoyan Zhu

As NLP models become increasingly integrated into real-world applications, it becomes clear that there is a need to address the fact that models often rely on and generate conflicting information. Conflicts could reflect the complexity of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Siyi Liu , Dan Roth

Recently, knowledge-grounded conversations in the open domain gain great attention from researchers. Existing works on retrieval-based dialogue systems have paid tremendous efforts to utilize neural networks to build a matching model, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Kai Hua , Zhiyuan Feng , Chongyang Tao , Rui Yan , Lu Zhang

Open-domain question answering (Open-QA) is a common task for evaluating large language models (LLMs). However, current Open-QA evaluations are criticized for the ambiguity in questions and the lack of semantic understanding in evaluators.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Peiran Yao , Denilson Barbosa

Large language models (LLMs) draw on both contextual information and parametric memory, yet these sources can conflict. Prior studies have largely examined this issue in contextual question answering, implicitly assuming that tasks should…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Kaiser Sun , Fan Bai , Mark Dredze

We evaluate questions generated by large language models (LLMs) from context, comparing them to human-authored questions across six dimensions: question type, question length, context coverage, answerability, uncommonness, and required…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Yueheng Zhang , Xiaoyuan Liu , Yiyou Sun , Atheer Alharbi , Hend Alzahrani , Tianneng Shi , Basel Alomair , Dawn Song