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Explainable AI (XAI) helps users interpret model behavior and identify potential faults. Agentic XAI systems use Large Language Models (LLMs) to make explanations more accessible through natural-language interaction, but they can also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Jaechang Kim , Sunung Mun , Seungjoon Lee , Jaewoong Cho , Jungseul Ok

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) enables data-driven understanding of factor associations with response variables, yet communicating XAI outputs to laypersons remains challenging, hindering trust in AI-based predictions. Large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Tomoaki Yamaguchi , Yutong Zhou , Masahiro Ryo , Keisuke Katsura

Many high-performance models suffer from a lack of interpretability. There has been an increasing influx of work on explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) in order to disentangle what is meant and expected by XAI. Nevertheless, there is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Adrien Bennetot , Jean-Luc Laurent , Raja Chatila , Natalia Díaz-Rodríguez

In the context of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), limited research has identified role-specific explanation needs. This study investigates the explanation needs of data scientists, who are responsible for training, testing,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Helmut Degen , Ziran Min , Parinitha Nagaraja

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has emerged as a critical area of research aimed at enhancing the transparency and interpretability of AI systems. Counterfactual Explanations (CFEs) offer valuable insights into the decision-making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Orfeas Menis Mastromichalakis , Jason Liartis , Giorgos Stamou

We explore potential benefits of incorporating Rhetorical Design into the design of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) systems. While XAI is traditionally framed around explaining individual predictions or overall system behavior,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Houjiang Liu , Yiheng Su , Matthew Lease

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has experienced a significant growth over the last few years. This is due to the widespread application of machine learning, particularly deep learning, that has led to the development of highly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Giulia Vilone , Luca Longo

eXplainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods have emerged to convert the black box of machine learning (ML) models into a more digestible form. These methods help to communicate how the model works with the aim of making ML models more…

The main objective of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is to provide effective explanations for black-box classifiers. The existing literature lists many desirable properties for explanations to be useful, but there is no consensus…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Elvio G. Amparore , Alan Perotti , Paolo Bajardi

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems continue to grow in size and complexity, so does the difficulty of the quest for AI transparency. In a world of large models and complex AI systems, why do we explain AI and what should we explain?…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Karina Cortinas-Lorenzo , Gavin Doherty

Despite its technological breakthroughs, eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) research has limited success in producing the {\em effective explanations} needed by users. In order to improve XAI systems' usability, practical…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Thu Nguyen , Alessandro Canossa , Jichen Zhu

The field of explainable artificial intelligence emerged in response to the growing need for more transparent and reliable models. However, using raw features to provide explanations has been disputed in several works lately, advocating for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Eleonora Poeta , Gabriele Ciravegna , Eliana Pastor , Tania Cerquitelli , Elena Baralis

With the rapid growth of machine learning, deep neural networks (DNNs) are now being used in numerous domains. Unfortunately, DNNs are "black-boxes", and cannot be interpreted by humans, which is a substantial concern in safety-critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Shahaf Bassan , Guy Katz

Explainable AI (XAI) techniques are increasingly important for the validation and responsible use of modern deep learning models, but are difficult to evaluate due to the lack of good ground-truth to compare against. We propose a framework…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Amritpal Singh , Andrey Barsky , Mohamed Ali Souibgui , Ernest Valveny , Dimosthenis Karatzas

As robots and digital assistants are deployed in the real world, these agents must be able to communicate their decision-making criteria to build trust, improve human-robot teaming, and enable collaboration. While the field of explainable…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Andrew Silva , Pradyumna Tambwekar , Mariah Schrum , Matthew Gombolay

To generate trust with their users, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) systems need to include an explanation model that can communicate the internal decisions, behaviours and actions to the interacting humans. Successful explanation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-22 Prashan Madumal , Tim Miller , Frank Vetere , Liz Sonenberg

Many ethical frameworks require artificial intelligence (AI) systems to be explainable. Explainable AI (XAI) models are frequently tested for their adequacy in user studies. Since different people may have different explanatory needs, it is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Uwe Peters , Mary Carman

Research into the explanation of machine learning models, i.e., explainable AI (XAI), has seen a commensurate exponential growth alongside deep artificial neural networks throughout the past decade. For historical reasons, explanation and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Brittany Davis , Maria Glenski , William Sealy , Dustin Arendt

The increasing integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into everyday life makes it essential to explain AI-based decision-making in a way that is understandable to all users, including those with disabilities. Accessible explanations…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Chukwunonso Henry Nwokoye , Maria J. P. Peixoto , Akriti Pandey , Lauren Pardy , Mahadeo Sukhai , Peter R. Lewis

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques are used to provide transparency to complex, opaque predictive models. However, these techniques are often designed for image and text data, and it is unclear how fit-for-purpose they are…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Mythreyi Velmurugan , Chun Ouyang , Yue Xu , Renuka Sindhgatta , Bemali Wickramanayake , Catarina Moreira