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Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have become the key to scaling modern LLMs, yet little is understood about how their sparse routing dynamics respond to multilingual data. In this work, we analyze expert routing patterns using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Lucas Bandarkar , Chenyuan Yang , Mohsen Fayyaz , Junlin Hu , Nanyun Peng

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has become a predominant paradigm for scaling large language models (LLMs). Despite offering strong performance and computational efficiency, large MoE-based LLMs like DeepSeek-V3-0324 and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Xiaodong Chen , Mingming Ha , Zhenzhong Lan , Jing Zhang , Jianguo Li

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have become the dominant choice for scaling Large Language Models (LLMs), activating only a subset of parameters per token. While MoE architectures are primarily adopted for computational efficiency,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jeremy Herbst , Stefan Wermter , Jae Hee Lee

The mixture of experts (MoE) model is a sparse variant of large language models (LLMs), designed to hold a better balance between intelligent capability and computational overhead. Despite its benefits, MoE is still too expensive to deploy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Haodong Wang , Qihua Zhou , Zicong Hong , Song Guo

Mixture of Experts (MoE), with its distinctive sparse structure, enables the scaling of language models up to trillions of parameters without significantly increasing computational costs. However, the substantial parameter size presents a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Zhiyuan Fang , Yuegui Huang , Zicong Hong , Yufeng Lyu , Wuhui Chen , Yue Yu , Fan Yu , Zibin Zheng

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved impressive performance, but high-resolution visual inputs result in long sequences of visual tokens and substantial inference latency. Reducing redundant visual tokens is critical to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Guoyang Xia , Yifeng Ding , Fengfa Li , Lei Ren , Wei Chen , Fangxiang Feng , Xiaojie Wang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models offer dynamic computation, but are typically deployed as static full-capacity models, missing opportunities for deployment-specific specialization. We introduce PreMoE, a training-free framework that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Zehua Pei , Ying Zhang , Hui-Ling Zhen , Tao Yuan , Xianzhi Yu , Zhenhua Dong , Sinno Jialin Pan , Mingxuan Yuan , Bei Yu

This paper introduces MoxE, a novel architecture that synergistically combines the Extended Long Short-Term Memory (xLSTM) with the Mixture of Experts (MoE) framework to address critical scalability and efficiency challenges in large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Abdoul Majid O. Thiombiano , Brahim Hnich , Ali Ben Mrad , Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Large Language Models (LLMs) efficiently scale-up the model while keeping relatively low inference cost. As MoE models only activate part of the experts, related work has proposed expert prediction and caching…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Shien Zhu , Samuel Bohl , Robin Oester , Gustavo Alonso

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained immense success in revolutionizing various applications, including content generation, search and recommendation, and AI-assisted operation. To reduce high training costs, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Hanfei Yu , Xingqi Cui , Hong Zhang , Hao Wang , Hao Wang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a dominant architecture in large language models (LLMs) due to its ability to scale model capacity via sparse expert activation. Meanwhile, serverless computing, with its elasticity and pay-per-use…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Wentao Liu , Yuhao Hu , Ruiting Zhou , Baochun Li , Ne Wang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Large Language Models (LLMs) face a trilemma of load imbalance, parameter redundancy, and communication overhead. We introduce a unified framework based on dynamic expert clustering and structured compression to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Peijun Zhu , Ning Yang , Baoliang Tian , Jiayu Wei , Weihao Zhang , Haijun Zhang , Pin Lv

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) inference requires large-scale token exchange across devices, making dispatch and combine major bottlenecks in both prefill and decode. Beyond network transfer, routing-driven layout transformation, temporary relay,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Tianlun Hu , Tiancheng Hu , Shengsheng Litang , Sheng Wang , Xiaoming Bao , Yuxing Li , Wei Wang , Zhongzhe Hu , Lijun Li , Hongwei Sun , Jingbin Zhou

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models achieve a favorable trade-off between performance and inference efficiency by activating only a subset of experts. However, the memory overhead of storing all experts remains a major limitation, especially in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Zican Dong , Han Peng , Peiyu Liu , Wayne Xin Zhao , Dong Wu , Feng Xiao , Zhifeng Wang

To help the open-source community have a better understanding of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) based large language models (LLMs), we train and release OpenMoE, a series of fully open-sourced and reproducible decoder-only MoE LLMs, ranging from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Fuzhao Xue , Zian Zheng , Yao Fu , Jinjie Ni , Zangwei Zheng , Wangchunshu Zhou , Yang You

The application of mixture-of-experts (MoE) is gaining popularity due to its ability to improve model's performance. In an MoE structure, the gate layer plays a significant role in distinguishing and routing input features to different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Zhitian Xie , Yinger Zhang , Chenyi Zhuang , Qitao Shi , Zhining Liu , Jinjie Gu , Guannan Zhang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have shown strong potential in scaling language models efficiently by activating only a small subset of experts per input. However, their widespread deployment remains limited due to the high memory overhead…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Yushu Zhao , Zheng Wang , Minjia Zhang

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture is a powerful technique for scaling language models, yet it often suffers from expert homogenization, where experts learn redundant functionalities, thereby limiting MoE's full potential. To address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jiaang Li , Haibin Chen , Langming Liu , Yujin Yuan , Yadao Wang , Yizhen Zhang , Chengting Yu , Xin Tong , Weidong Zhang , Shilei Liu , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has demonstrated promising potential in scaling LLMs. However, it is hindered by two critical challenges: (1) substantial GPU memory consumption to load all experts; (2) low activated parameters cannot be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yuanteng Chen , Yuantian Shao , Peisong Wang , Jian Cheng

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures leverage sparse activation to enhance the scalability of large language models (LLMs), making them suitable for deployment in resource-constrained edge networks. However, the sheer number of experts…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Qian Chen , Xianhao Chen , Kaibin Huang