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POMDPs capture a broad class of decision making problems, but hardness results suggest that learning is intractable even in simple settings due to the inherent partial observability. However, in many realistic problems, more information is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Jonathan N. Lee , Alekh Agarwal , Christoph Dann , Tong Zhang

LLM-based automatic heuristic design has shown promise for generating executable heuristics for combinatorial optimization, but existing methods mainly rely on delayed endpoint performance. We propose a \emph{teacher-aware evolutionary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Minyu Chen , Song Qin , Ling-I Wu , Jianxin Xue , Guoqiang Li

Learning a reward function from human preferences is challenging as it typically requires having a high-fidelity simulator or using expensive and potentially unsafe actual physical rollouts in the environment. However, in many tasks the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Daniel Shin , Anca D. Dragan , Daniel S. Brown

This work compares ways of extending Reinforcement Learning algorithms to Partially Observed Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) with options. One view of options is as temporally extended action, which can be realized as a memory that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Shu Ishida , João F. Henriques

Policy-gradient methods have received increased attention recently as a mechanism for learning to act in partially observable environments. They have shown promise for problems admitting memoryless policies but have been less successful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Douglas Aberdeen , Jonathan Baxter

Programmatic reinforcement learning (PRL) has been explored for representing policies through programs as a means to achieve interpretability and generalization. Despite promising outcomes, current state-of-the-art PRL methods are hindered…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Max Liu , Chan-Hung Yu , Wei-Hsu Lee , Cheng-Wei Hung , Yen-Chun Chen , Shao-Hua Sun

During initial iterations of training in most Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms, agents perform a significant number of random exploratory steps. In the real world, this can limit the practicality of these algorithms as it can lead to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Ashish Kumar Jayant , Shalabh Bhatnagar

We propose a new reinforcement learning algorithm for partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDP) based on spectral decomposition methods. While spectral methods have been previously employed for consistent learning of (passive)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-06-20 Kamyar Azizzadenesheli , Alessandro Lazaric , Animashree Anandkumar

Deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) excels in various domains but lacks generalizability and interpretability. On the other hand, programmatic RL methods (Trivedi et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2023) reformulate RL tasks as synthesizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Yu-An Lin , Chen-Tao Lee , Guan-Ting Liu , Pu-Jen Cheng , Shao-Hua Sun

There has been substantial progress in the inference of formal behavioural specifications from sample trajectories, for example, using Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). However, these techniques cannot handle specifications that correctly…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Rajarshi Roy , Yash Pote , David Parker , Marta Kwiatkowska

Methods for learning to search for structured prediction typically imitate a reference policy, with existing theoretical guarantees demonstrating low regret compared to that reference. This is unsatisfactory in many applications where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-05-21 Kai-Wei Chang , Akshay Krishnamurthy , Alekh Agarwal , Hal Daumé , John Langford

We present a reinforcement learning framework, called Programmatically Interpretable Reinforcement Learning (PIRL), that is designed to generate interpretable and verifiable agent policies. Unlike the popular Deep Reinforcement Learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-11 Abhinav Verma , Vijayaraghavan Murali , Rishabh Singh , Pushmeet Kohli , Swarat Chaudhuri

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) allows robots to learn from offline datasets without risky exploration. Yet, offline RL's performance often hinges on a brittle trade-off between (1) return maximization, which can push policies outside…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Hokyun Im , Andrey Kolobov , Jianlong Fu , Youngwoon Lee

Reinforcement learning (RL) faces challenges in evaluating policy trajectories within intricate game tasks due to the difficulty in designing comprehensive and precise reward functions. This inherent difficulty curtails the broader…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Zichao Shen , Tianchen Zhu , Qingyun Sun , Shiqi Gao , Jianxin Li

We investigate the behaviour space of meta-heuristic optimisation algorithms automatically generated by Large Language Model driven algorithm discovery methods. Using the Large Language Evolutionary Algorithm (LLaMEA) framework with a GPT…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Niki van Stein , Haoran Yin , Anna V. Kononova , Thomas Bäck , Gabriela Ochoa

This paper studies satisfaction of temporal properties on unknown stochastic processes that have continuous state spaces. We show how reinforcement learning (RL) can be applied for computing policies that are finite-memory and deterministic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-29 Milad Kazemi , Sadegh Soudjani

Recent advances have shown that optimizing prompts for Large Language Models (LLMs) can significantly improve task performance, yet many optimization techniques rely on heuristics or manual exploration. We present LatentPrompt, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Mateusz Bystroński , Grzegorz Piotrowski , Nitesh V. Chawla , Tomasz Kajdanowicz

Reactive synthesis algorithms allow automatic construction of policies to control an environment modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) that are optimal with respect to high-level temporal logic specifications. However, they assume that…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Rajeev Alur , Suguman Bansal , Osbert Bastani , Kishor Jothimurugan

Reinforcement learning (RL) aims to find an optimal policy by interaction with an environment. Consequently, learning complex behavior requires a vast number of samples, which can be prohibitive in practice. Nevertheless, instead of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Sarah Müller , Alexander von Rohr , Sebastian Trimpe

Parameterized movement primitives have been extensively used for imitation learning of robotic tasks. However, the high-dimensionality of the parameter space hinders the improvement of such primitives in the reinforcement learning (RL)…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-02-14 Samuele Tosatto , Georgia Chalvatzaki , Jan Peters