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Illegal content reporting mechanisms are a key technical and organizational measure through which online platforms address illegal content under the European Union Digital Services Act (DSA). Article 16 requires user notices to be…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Marie-Therese Sekwenz , Shreyan Biswas , Rita Hermann-Gsenger , Ujwal Gadiraju

Machine learning has been proposed as a way to improve educational assessment by making fine-grained predictions about student performance and learning relationships between items. One challenge with many machine learning approaches is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Arisha Khan , Nathaniel Li , Tori Shen , Anna N. Rafferty

Ensuring compliance with international data protection standards for privacy and data security is a crucial but complex task, often requiring substantial legal expertise. This paper introduces LegiLM, a novel legal language model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Linkai Zhu , Lu Yang , Chaofan Li , Shanwen Hu , Lu Liu , Bin Yin

The growing complexity of legal cases has lead to an increasing interest in legal information retrieval systems that can effectively satisfy user-specific information needs. However, such downstream systems typically require documents to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Dennis Aumiller , Satya Almasian , Sebastian Lackner , Michael Gertz

Understanding the text in legal documents can be challenging due to their complex structure and the inclusion of domain-specific jargon. Laws and regulations are often crafted in such a manner that engagement with them requires formal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Yu Han , Aaron Ceross , Jeroen H. M. Bergmann

Large Language Models (LLMs) are at the forefront of NLP achievements but fall short in dealing with shortcut learning, factual inconsistency, and vulnerability to adversarial inputs.These shortcomings are especially critical in medical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Mael Jullien , Marco Valentino , André Freitas

This research explores the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) for automating the extraction of requirement-related legal content in the food safety domain and checking legal compliance of regulatory artifacts. With Industry 4.0…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Shabnam Hassani

LexNLP is an open source Python package focused on natural language processing and machine learning for legal and regulatory text. The package includes functionality to (i) segment documents, (ii) identify key text such as titles and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-12 Michael J Bommarito , Daniel Martin Katz , Eric M Detterman

Analyzing texts such as open-ended responses, headlines, or social media posts is a time- and labor-intensive process highly susceptible to bias. LLMs are promising tools for text analysis, using either a predefined (top-down) or a…

The Event Causality Identification Shared Task of CASE 2022 involved two subtasks working on the Causal News Corpus. Subtask 1 required participants to predict if a sentence contains a causal relation or not. This is a supervised binary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Fiona Anting Tan , Hansi Hettiarachchi , Ali Hürriyetoğlu , Tommaso Caselli , Onur Uca , Farhana Ferdousi Liza , Nelleke Oostdijk

The Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable ability to generate fluent content across a wide spectrum of user queries. However, this capability has raised concerns regarding misinformation and personal information leakage. In this…

This paper presents our submission to the SemEval 2024 Task 5: The Legal Argument Reasoning Task in Civil Procedure. We present two approaches to solving the task of legal answer validation, given an introduction to the case, a question and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Anish Pahilajani , Samyak Rajesh Jain , Devasha Trivedi

Legal services rely heavily on text processing. While large language models (LLMs) show promise, their application in legal contexts demands higher accuracy, repeatability, and transparency. Logic programs, by encoding legal concepts as…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Manuj Kant , Sareh Nabi , Manav Kant , Roland Scharrer , Megan Ma , Marzieh Nabi

Due to the increasing need for effective security measures and the integration of cameras in commercial products, a hugeamount of visual data is created today. Law enforcement agencies (LEAs) are inspecting images and videos to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Henri Bouma , Bart Joosten , Maarten C Kruithof , Maaike H T de Boer , Alexandru Ginsca , Benjamin Labbe , Quoc T Vuong

The gap between static benchmarks and the dynamic nature of real-world legal practice poses a key barrier to advancing legal intelligence. To this end, we introduce J1-ENVS, the first interactive and dynamic legal environment tailored for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Zheng Jia , Shengbin Yue , Wei Chen , Siyuan Wang , Yidong Liu , Zejun Li , Yun Song , Zhongyu Wei

Natural language inference (NLI) is a fundamental NLP task, investigating the entailment relationship between two texts. Popular NLI datasets present the task at sentence-level. While adequate for testing semantic representations, they fall…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Hanmeng Liu , Leyang Cui , Jian Liu , Yue Zhang

Legal NLP benchmarks overwhelmingly evaluate a single language or aggregate tasks that differ fundamentally across jurisdictions, making cross-lingual comparison impossible. We introduce Multi-Legal-Bench, the first cross-jurisdictional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Volodymyr Ovcharov

This study investigates the challenges posed by the dynamic nature of legal multi-label text classification tasks, where legal concepts evolve over time. Existing models often overlook the temporal dimension in their training process,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 T. Y. S. S Santosh , Tuan-Quang Vuong , Matthias Grabmair

Detecting which parts of a sentence contribute to that sentence's toxicity -- rather than providing a sentence-level verdict of hatefulness -- would increase the interpretability of models and allow human moderators to better understand the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Alireza Salemi , Nazanin Sabri , Emad Kebriaei , Behnam Bahrak , Azadeh Shakery

The paper presents an approach for the recognition of toxic habits named entities in Spanish clinical texts. The approach was developed for the ToxHabits Shared Task. Our team participated in subtask 1, which aims to detect substance use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Sylvia Vassileva , Ivan Koychev , Svetla Boytcheva