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A longstanding goal in quantum information science is to demonstrate quantum computations that cannot be feasibly reproduced on a classical computer. Such demonstrations mark major milestones: they showcase fine control over quantum systems…

We consider one-round games between a classical verifier and two provers who share entanglement. We show that when the constraints enforced by the verifier are `unique' constraints (i.e., permutations), the value of the game can be well…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-03 Julia Kempe , Oded Regev , Ben Toner

In this article we investigate the possibility of encoding classical information onto multipartite quantum states in the distant laboratory framework. We show that for all states generated by Clifford operation there always exist such an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-23 Yu Tanaka , Damian Markham , Mio Murao

We propose a new framework of topological complexity to study the computational complexity of quantum circuits and tensor networks. Within this framework, we establish the Quon Classical Simulation (QCS) for hybrid Clifford-Matchgate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-11 Zixuan Feng , Zhengwei Liu , Fan Lu , Ningfeng Wang

Quantum inspired protocols e.g. [AAV13,AG17] attempt to achieve a single-prover interactive protocol where a classical machine can verify quantum computations in an information-theoretically secure manner. We define a family of protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-14 Ayal Green

In two-prover one-round interactive proof systems, no-signaling provers are those who are allowed to use arbitrary strategies, not limited to local operations, as long as their strategies cannot be used for communication between them. Study…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2009-10-20 Tsuyoshi Ito

We describe a simple formalism for generating classes of quantum circuits that are classically efficiently simulatable and show that the efficient simulation of Clifford circuits (Gottesman-Knill theorem) and of matchgate circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-25 Richard Jozsa

We show that if a language $L$ admits a public-coin unambiguous interactive proof (UIP) with round complexity $\ell$, where $a$ bits are communicated per round, then the batch language $L^{\otimes k}$, i.e. the set of $k$-tuples of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Bonnie Berger , Rohan Goyal , Matthew M. Hong , Yael Tauman Kalai

The complexity of free games with two or more classical players was essentially settled by Aaronson, Impagliazzo, and Moshkovitz (CCC'14). There are two complexity classes that can be considered quantum analogues of classical free games:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-10 Anand Natarajan , Tina Zhang

The CONGEST and CONGEST-CLIQUE models have been carefully studied to represent situations where the communication bandwidth between processors in a network is severely limited. Messages of only $O(log(n))$ bits of information each may be…

Integer programming (IP) is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem that is widely used to represent a diverse set of real-world problems spanning multiple fields, such as finance, engineering, logistics, and operations research. It…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-20 Kapil Goswami , Peter Schmelcher , Rick Mukherjee

We use our Clifford algebra technique, that is nilpotents and projectors which are binomials of the Clifford algebra objects $\gamma^a$ with the property $\{\gamma^a,\gamma^b\}_+ = 2 \eta^{ab}$, for representing quantum gates and quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 M. Gregoric , N. S. Mankoc Borstnik

We show that given an explicit description of a multiplayer game, with a classical verifier and a constant number of players, it is QMA-hard, under randomized reductions, to distinguish between the cases when the players have a strategy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-12 Anand Natarajan , Thomas Vidick

We propose and analyze a novel interactive protocol for demonstrating quantum computational advantage, which is efficiently classically verifiable. Our protocol relies upon the cryptographic hardness of trapdoor claw-free functions (TCFs).…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-18 Gregory D. Kahanamoku-Meyer , Soonwon Choi , Umesh V. Vazirani , Norman Y. Yao

Classical simulations of quantum systems are notoriously difficult computational problems, with conventional state vector and tensor network methods restricted to quantum systems that feature only a small number of qudits. The recently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Ben Harper , Azar C. Nakhl , Thomas Quella , Martin Sevior , Muhammad Usman

We study the classical simulation complexity in both the weak and strong senses, of matchgate (MG) computations supplemented with all combinations of settings involving inclusion of intermediate adaptive or nonadaptive computational basis…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-11 Martin Hebenstreit , Richard Jozsa , Barbara Kraus , Sergii Strelchuk

We show that the maximum success probability of players sharing quantum entanglement in a two-player game with classical questions of logarithmic length and classical answers of constant length is NP-hard to approximate to within constant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-24 Anand Natarajan , Thomas Vidick

A key issue of current quantum advantage experiments is that their verification requires a full classical simulation of the ideal computation. This limits the regime in which the experiments can be verified to precisely the regime in which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-08 Abhinav Deshpande , Bill Fefferman , Soumik Ghosh , Michael Gullans , Dominik Hangleiter

It is known that every (single-qudit) Clifford operator maps the full set of generalized Pauli matrices (GPMs) to itself under unitary conjugation, which is an important quantum operation and plays a crucial role in quantum computation and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Cai-Hong Wang , Jiang-Tao Yuan , Zhi-Hao Ma , Shao-Ming Fei , Shang-Quan Bu

We study quantum communication protocols, in which the players' storage starts out in a state where one qubit is in a pure state, and all other qubits are totally mixed (i.e. in a random state), and no other storage is available (for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-01 Hartmut Klauck , Debbie Lim