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Diffusion models typically employ static or heuristic classifier-free guidance (CFG) schedules, which often fail to adapt across timesteps and noise conditions. In this work, we introduce a quantum reinforcement learning (QRL) controller…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-18 Chi-Sheng Chen , En-Jui Kuo

Molecular editing and optimization are multi-step problems that require iteratively improving properties while keeping molecules chemically valid and structurally similar. We frame both tasks as sequential, tool-guided decisions and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Zhuo Yang , Yeyun Chen , Jiaqing Xie , Ben Gao , Shuaike Shen , Wanhao Liu , Liujia Yang , Beilun Wang , Tianfan Fu , Yuqiang Li

Reservoir computing (RC) is an effective method for predicting chaotic systems by using a high-dimensional dynamic reservoir with fixed internal weights, while keeping the learning phase linear, which simplifies training and reduces…

Binding free energies are a key element in understanding and predicting the strength of protein--drug interactions. While classical free energy simulations yield good results for many purely organic ligands, drugs including transition metal…

We generalize a standard benchmark of reinforcement learning, the classical cartpole balancing problem, to the quantum regime by stabilizing a particle in an unstable potential through measurement and feedback. We use state-of-the-art deep…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-08 Zhikang T. Wang , Yuto Ashida , Masahito Ueda

Reinforcement learning-based Quantum Architecture Search (QAS) offers a promising avenue for automating the design of variational quantum circuits, but existing methods typically decouple discrete structure search from continuous parameter…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-30 Jiayang Niu , Yan Wang , Jie Li , Ke Deng , Azadeh Alavi , Muhammad Usman , Yongli Ren

In this paper, two Q-learning (QL) methods are proposed and their convergence theories are established for addressing the model-free optimal control problem of general nonlinear continuous-time systems. By introducing the Q-function for…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2014-10-14 Biao Luo , Derong Liu , Tingwen Huang

We explore the use of policy gradient methods in reinforcement learning for quantum control via energy landscape shaping of XX-Heisenberg spin chains in a model agnostic fashion. Their performance is compared to finding controllers using…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-19 I. Khalid , C. A. Weidner , E. A. Jonckheere , S. G. Schirmer , F. C. Langbein

Quantum control is essential for quantum information science and technology, yet designing high-fidelity control protocols remains challenging due to complex optimization landscapes, hardware noise, and long pulse sequences. Existing…

We demonstrate how machine learning is able to model experiments in quantum physics. Quantum entanglement is a cornerstone for upcoming quantum technologies such as quantum computation and quantum cryptography. Of particular interest are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Thomas Adler , Manuel Erhard , Mario Krenn , Johannes Brandstetter , Johannes Kofler , Sepp Hochreiter

Quantum reinforcement learning (QRL) promises compact function approximators with access to vast Hilbert spaces, but its practical progress is slowed by NISQ-era constraints such as limited qubits and noise accumulation. We introduce a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-03 Junghoon Justin Park , Huan-Hsin Tseng , Shinjae Yoo , Samuel Yen-Chi Chen , Jiook Cha

Reconstructing quantum states from measurement data represents a formidable challenge in quantum information science, especially as system sizes grow beyond the reach of traditional tomography methods. While recent studies have explored…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-06 Shabnam Jabeen , Dmytro Kurdydyk , Aadi Palnitkar , Mihir Talati , Jeffrey Yan , Jinghong Yang

In the realm of quantum control, reinforcement learning, a prominent branch of machine learning, emerges as a competitive candidate for computer-assisted optimal design for experiments. This study investigates the extent to which guidance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-20 Tian-Niu Xu , Yongcheng Ding , José D. Martín-Guerrero , Xi Chen

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a class of artificial intelligence algorithms being used to design adaptive optimal controllers through online learning. This paper presents a model-free, real-time, data-efficient Q-learning-based algorithm…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-11 Ali Aalipour , Alireza Khani

The field of Quantum Machine Learning (QML) has emerged recently in the hopes of finding new machine learning protocols or exponential speedups for classical ones. Apart from problems with vanishing gradients and efficient encoding methods,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Hannah Helgesen , Michael Felsberg , Jan-Åke Larsson

In this paper, we present Quantum-Inspired Model Predictive Control (QIMPC), an approach that uses Variational Quantum Circuits (VQCs) to learn control polices in MPC problems. The viability of the approach is tested in five experiments: A…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-18 Muhammad Al-Zafar Khan , Jamal Al-Karaki

With recent advancements in quantum computing technology, optimizing quantum circuits and ensuring reliable quantum state preparation have become increasingly vital. Traditional methods often demand extensive expertise and manual…

Understanding the power and limitations of quantum access to data in machine learning tasks is primordial to assess the potential of quantum computing in artificial intelligence. Previous works have already shown that speed-ups in learning…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-21 Sofiene Jerbi , Arjan Cornelissen , Māris Ozols , Vedran Dunjko

Robust control design for quantum systems has been recognized as a key task in quantum information technology, molecular chemistry and atomic physics. In this paper, an improved differential evolution algorithm, referred to as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-14 Daoyi Dong , Xi Xing , Hailan Ma , Chunlin Chen , Zhixin Liu , Herschel Rabitz

Quantum reinforcement learning utilizes quantum layers to process information within a machine learning model. However, both pure and hybrid quantum reinforcement learning face challenges such as data encoding and the use of quantum…