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Complementation of nondeterministic B\"uchi automata (BAs) is an important problem in automata theory with numerous applications in formal verification, such as termination analysis of programs, model checking, or in decision procedures of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-06 Vojtěch Havlena , Ondřej Lengál , Yong Li , Barbora Šmahlíková , Andrea Turrini

This paper provides several optimizations of the rank-based approach for complementing B\"{u}chi automata. We start with Schewe's theoretically optimal construction and develop a set of techniques for pruning its state space that are key to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-07-22 Vojtěch Havlena , Ondřej Lengál

We present the tool Ranker for complementing B\"uchi automata (BAs). Ranker builds on our previous optimizations of rank-based BA complementation and pushes them even further using numerous heuristics to produce even smaller automata.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Vojtěch Havlena , Ondřej Lengál , Barbora Šmahlíková

Complementation of B\"uchi automata, required for checking automata containment, is of major theoretical and practical interest in formal verification. We consider two recent approaches to complementation. The first is the rank-based…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-08-15 Seth J. Fogarty , Orna Kupferman , Thomas Wilke , Moshe Y. Vardi

Complementation of B\"uchi automata is an essential technique used in some approaches for termination analysis of programs. The long search for an optimal complementation construction climaxed with the work of Schewe, who proposed a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-10-07 Yu-Fang Chen , Vojtěch Havlena , Ondřej Lengál

In this work, we exploit the power of \emph{finite ambiguity} for the complementation problem of B\"uchi automata by using reduced run directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) over infinite words, in which each vertex has at most one predecessor;…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Weizhi Feng , Yong Li , Andrea Turrini , Moshe Y. Vardi , Lijun Zhang

We study the problem of determinizing $\omega$-automata whose acceptance condition is defined on the transitions using Boolean formulas, also known as transition-based Emerson-Lei automata (TELA). The standard approach to determinize TELA…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Tobias John , Simon Jantsch , Christel Baier , Sascha Klüppelholz

Complementation of B\"uchi automata has been studied for over five decades since the formalism was introduced in 1960. Known complementation constructions can be classified into Ramsey-based, determinization-based, rank-based, and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Ming-Hsien Tsai , Seth Fogarty , Moshe Y. Vardi , Yih-Kuen Tsay

In this work, we exploit the power of \emph{unambiguity} for the complementation problem of B\"uchi automata by utilizing reduced run directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) over infinite words, in which each vertex has at most one predecessor. We…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Yong Li , Moshe Y. Vardi , Lijun Zhang

We propose several heuristics for mitigating one of the main causes of combinatorial explosion in rank-based complementation of B\"{u}chi automata (BAs): unnecessarily high bounds on the ranks of states. First, we identify elevator…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Vojtěch Havlena , Ondřej Lengál , Barbora Šmahlíková

Complementation of finite automata is a basic operation used in numerous applications. The standard way to complement a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) is to transform it into an equivalent deterministic finite automaton (DFA) and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Lukáš Holík , Ondřej Lengál , Juraj Major , Adéla Štěpková , Jan Strejček

Extensions of {\omega}-automata to infinite alphabets typically rely on symbolic guards to keep the transition relation finite, and on registers or memory cells to preserve information from past symbols. Symbolic transitions alone are…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Luca Di Stefano

In this paper, we first introduce a lower bound technique for the state complexity of transformations of automata. Namely we suggest first considering the class of full automata in lower bound analysis, and later reducing the size of the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Qiqi Yan

We introduce a certain restriction of weighted automata over the rationals, called image-binary automata. We show that such automata accept the regular languages, can be exponentially more succinct than corresponding NFAs, and allow for…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Stefan Kiefer , Cas Widdershoven

We present Kofola, an efficient tool for complementation and inclusion checking of B\"uchi automata, two central tasks in automata-theoretic verification with applications in model checking, monitoring, and theorem proving. Kofola…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Ondrej Alexaj , Vojtěch Havlena , Lukáš Holík , Ondřej Lengál , Yong Li , Nicolas Mazzocchi

The precise complexity of complementing B\"uchi automata is an intriguing and long standing problem. While optimal complementation techniques for finite automata are simple - it suffices to determinize them using a simple subset…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2009-03-02 Sven Schewe

In this paper we revisit Safra's determinization constructions for automata on infinite words. We show how to construct deterministic automata with fewer states and, most importantly, parity acceptance conditions. Determinization is used in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Nir Piterman

The specification and validation of robotics applications require bridging the gap between formulating requirements and systematic testing. This often involves manual and error-prone tasks that become more complex as requirements, design,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Minh Nguyen , Sebastian Wrede , Nico Hochgeschwender

We compare tools for complementing nondeterministic B\"uchi automata with a recent termination-analysis algorithm. Complementation of B\"uchi automata is a key step in program verification. Early constructions using a Ramsey-based argument…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Seth Fogarty , Moshe Y. Vardi

The determinization of Buchi automata is a celebrated problem, with applications in synthesis, probabilistic verification, and multi-agent systems. Since the 1960s, there has been a steady progress of constructions: by McNaughton, Safra,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-07-18 Seth Fogarty , Orna Kupferman , Moshe Y. Vardi , Thomas Wilke
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