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Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress in assisting users to query databases in natural language. While LLM-based techniques provide state-of-the-art results on many standard benchmarks, their performance significantly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Nina Narodytska , Shay Vargaftik

Text-to-SQL, the task of translating natural language questions into SQL queries, is part of various business processes. Its automation, which is an emerging challenge, will empower software practitioners to seamlessly interact with…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Yewei Song , Saad Ezzini , Xunzhu Tang , Cedric Lothritz , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé Bissyandé , Andrey Boytsov , Ulrick Ble , Anne Goujon

Translating Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) remains a critical bottleneck for democratization of data in enterprises. Although Large Language Models (LLMs) like Gemini 2.5 and other LLMs have demonstrated impressive zero-shot capabilities,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Anshul Solanki , Sanchit Latawa , Koushik Chakraborty , Navneet Kamboj

Open-weight large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced performance in the Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) task. However, their effectiveness diminishes when dealing with large database schemas, as the context length…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Dai Quoc Nguyen , Cong Duy Vu Hoang , Duy Vu , Gioacchino Tangari , Thanh Tien Vu , Don Dharmasiri , Yuan-Fang Li , Long Duong

Text-to-SQL systems enable users to interact with structured databases using natural language, eliminating the need for specialized programming knowledge. In this work, we introduce GEMMA-SQL, a lightweight and efficient text-to-SQL model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Hari Mohan Pandey , Anshul Gupta , Subham Sarkar , Minakshi Tomer , Schneider Johannes , Yan Gong

Long-context supervised fine-tuning (Long-SFT) plays a vital role in enhancing the performance of large language models (LLMs) on long-context tasks. To smoothly adapt LLMs to long-context scenarios, this process typically entails training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Hongtao Xu , Wenting Shen , Yuanxin Wei , Ang Wang , Guo Runfan , Tianxing Wang , Yong Li , Mingzhen Li , Weile Jia

NL2SQL (natural language to SQL) translates natural language questions into SQL queries, thereby making structured data accessible to non-technical users, serving as the foundation for intelligent data applications. State-of-the-art NL2SQL…

Schema linking is a critical step in Text-to-SQL task, aiming to accurately predict the table names and column names required for the SQL query based on the given question. However, current fine-tuning approaches for schema linking models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Wuzhenghong Wen , Su Pan , yuwei Sun

Generative language models have shown significant potential in single-turn Text-to-SQL. However, their performance does not extend equivalently to multi-turn Text-to-SQL. This is primarily due to generative language models' inadequacy in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Bingfeng Chen , Shaobin Shi , Yongqi Luo , Boyan Xu , Ruichu Cai , Zhifeng Hao

Text-to-SQL is a challenging task involving multiple reasoning-intensive subtasks, including natural language understanding, database schema comprehension, and precise SQL query formulation. Existing approaches often rely on handcrafted…

Generating accurate SQL from users' natural language questions (text-to-SQL) remains a long-standing challenge due to the complexities involved in user question understanding, database schema comprehension, and SQL generation. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Zijin Hong , Zheng Yuan , Qinggang Zhang , Hao Chen , Junnan Dong , Feiran Huang , Xiao Huang

Zero-shot NL2SQL is crucial in achieving natural language to SQL that is adaptive to new environments (e.g., new databases, new linguistic phenomena or SQL structures) with zero annotated NL2SQL samples from such environments. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Zihui Gu , Ju Fan , Nan Tang , Songyue Zhang , Yuxin Zhang , Zui Chen , Lei Cao , Guoliang Li , Sam Madden , Xiaoyong Du

In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as a new approach to various natural language processing tasks, utilizing large language models (LLMs) to make predictions based on context that has been supplemented with a few examples or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Linyong Nan , Yilun Zhao , Weijin Zou , Narutatsu Ri , Jaesung Tae , Ellen Zhang , Arman Cohan , Dragomir Radev

The text-to-SQL task aims to convert natural language into Structured Query Language (SQL) without bias. Recently, text-to-SQL methods based on large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention. The core of mainstream…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Zeshun You , Jiebin Yao , Dong Cheng , Zhiwei Wen , Zhiliang Lu , Xianyi Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for Text-to-SQL tasks, exhibiting remarkable reasoning capabilities. Different from tasks such as math word problems and commonsense reasoning, SQL solutions have a relatively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Ruilin Luo , Liyuan Wang , Binghuai Lin , Zicheng Lin , Yujiu Yang

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) for specific domain tasks has achieved great success in Text-to-SQL tasks. However, these fine-tuned models often face challenges with multi-turn Text-to-SQL tasks caused by ambiguous or unanswerable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Yinggang Sun , Ziming Guo , Haining Yu , Chuanyi Liu , Xiang Li , Bingxuan Wang , Xiangzhan Yu , Tiancheng Zhao

Despite the remarkable performance of large language models (LLMs) in text-to-SQL (SQL generation), correctly producing SQL queries remains challenging during initial generation. The SQL refinement task is subsequently introduced to correct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Zijin Hong , Hao Chen , Zheng Yuan , Qinggang Zhang , Luyao Zhuang , Qing Liao , Feiran Huang , Yangqiu Song , Xiao Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained considerable notoriety in the field of natural language to SQL tasks (NL2SQL). In this study, we show how task decomposition can greatly benefit LLMs in database understanding and query generation in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 José Manuel Domínguez , Benjamín Errázuriz , Patricio Daher

Text-to-SQL is a subtask in semantic parsing that has seen rapid progress with the evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, LLMs face challenges due to hallucination issues and a lack of domain-specific database knowledge(such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Xingyu Ma , Xin Tian , Lingxiang Wu , Xuepeng Wang , Xueming Tang , Jinqiao Wang

NL2SQL approaches have greatly benefited from the impressive capabilities of large language models (LLMs). In particular, bootstrapping an NL2SQL system for a specific domain can be as simple as instructing an LLM with sufficient contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Sairam Gurajada , Eser Kandogan , Sajjadur Rahman