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In this paper we experimentally test the performance of the recently proposed domain-wall encoding of discrete variables from [Chancellor Quantum Sci. Technol. 4 045004] on Ising model flux qubit quantum annealers. We compare this encoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-23 Jie Chen , Tobias Stollenwerk , Nicholas Chancellor

We analyze the method of encoding pairwise interactions of higher-than-binary discrete variables (these models are sometimes referred to as discrete quadratic models) into binary variables based on domain walls on one dimensional Ising…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-27 Jesse Berwald , Nicholas Chancellor , Raouf Dridi

The Ising model is defined by an objective function using a quadratic formula of qubit variables. The problem of an Ising model aims to determine the qubit values of the variables that minimize the objective function, and many optimization…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Koji Nakano , Shunsuke Tsukiyama , Yasuaki Ito , Takashi Yazane , Junko Yano , Takumi Kato , Shiro Ozaki , Rie Mori , Ryota Katsuki

In this paper I propose a new method of encoding discrete variables into Ising model qubits for quantum optimization. The new method is based on the physics of domain walls in one dimensional Ising spin chains. I find that these encodings…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-07 Nicholas Chancellor

Ising machines are next-generation computers expected to efficiently sample near-optimal solutions of combinatorial optimization problems. Combinatorial optimization problems are modeled as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-21 Kentaro Ohno , Nozomu Togawa

Quantum annealing is a heuristic algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems, and D-Wave Systems Inc. has developed hardware for implementing this algorithm. The current version of the D-Wave quantum annealer can solve…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-09 Shuntaro Okada , Masayuki Ohzeki , Shinichiro Taguchi

Ising Machines are emerging hardware architectures that efficiently solve NP-Hard combinatorial optimization problems. Generally, combinatorial problems are transformed into quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) form, but this…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Chirag Garg , Sayeef Salahuddin

Many computational problems involve optimization over discrete variables with quadratic interactions. Known as discrete quadratic models (DQMs), these problems in general are NP-hard. Accordingly, there is increasing interest in encoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-16 Tristan Zaborniak , Ulrike Stege

The standard approach to encoding constraints in quantum optimization is the quadratic penalty method. Quadratic penalties introduce additional couplings and energy scales, which can be detrimental to the performance of a quantum optimizer.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-17 Puya Mirkarimi , David C. Hoyle , Ross Williams , Nicholas Chancellor

Solving combinatorial optimization problems of the kind that can be codified by quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) is a promising application of quantum computation. Some problems of this class suitable for practical…

Combinatorial optimization has wide applications from industry to natural science. Ising machines bring an emerging computing paradigm for efficiently solving a combinatorial optimization problem by searching a ground state of a given Ising…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-07-16 Kentaro Ohno , Tatsuhiko Shirai , Nozomu Togawa

Quantum annealing is a heuristic algorithm for searching the ground state of an Ising model. Heuristic algorithms aim to obtain near-optimal solutions with a reasonable computation time. Accordingly, many algorithms have so far been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-09 Shuntaro Okada , Masayuki Ohzeki

Combinatorial optimization problems are one of the target applications of current quantum technology, mainly because of their industrial relevance, the difficulty of solving large instances of them classically, and their equivalence to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-10 J. A. Montanez-Barrera , Pim van den Heuvel , Dennis Willsch , Kristel Michielsen

Black-box optimization has potential in numerous applications such as hyperparameter optimization in machine learning and optimization in design of experiments. Ising machines are useful for binary optimization problems because variables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-05 Yuya Seki , Ryo Tamura , Shu Tanaka

The advent of quantum computing processors with possibility to scale beyond experimental capacities magnifies the importance of studying their applications. Combinatorial optimization problems can be one of the promising applications of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-18 Ehsan Zahedinejad , Arman Zaribafiyan

Ising machines, including quantum annealing machines, are promising next-generation computers for combinatorial optimization problems. However, due to hardware limitations, most Ising-type hardware can only solve objective functions…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-10-29 Kazuki Ikeuchi , Yoshiki Matsuda , Shu Tanaka

We introduce a qubit- and gate-efficient higher-order unconstrained binary optimization (HUBO) encoding for graph partitioning problems requiring label-count minimization. This widely applicable class of problems includes minimum graph…

Quantum computing has emerged as a promising alternative for solving combinatorial optimization problems. The standard approach for encoding optimization problems on quantum processing units (QPUs) involves transforming them into their…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Meerzhan Kanatbekova , Vincenzo De Maio , Ivona Brandic

The extended Ising machine (EIM) enhances conventional Ising models, which handle only binary quadratic forms by allowing constraints through real-valued dependent variables. We address the quadratic knapsack problem (QKP), hard to solve…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-08-12 Haruka Akishima , Hirotaka Tamura , Kazue Kudo

We present a heuristic algorithm designed to solve Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problems efficiently. The algorithm, referred to as IC-D2S, leverages a hybrid approach using Ising and classical machines to address very…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Armin Abdollahi , Mehdi Kamal , Massoud Pedram
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