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The recent advancement of end-to-end neural audio codecs enables compressing audio at very low bitrates while reconstructing the output audio with high fidelity. Nonetheless, such improvements often come at the cost of increased model…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-25 Sunghwan Ahn , Beom Jun Woo , Min Hyun Han , Chanyeong Moon , Nam Soo Kim

Large language models have revolutionized natural language processing through self-supervised pretraining on massive datasets. Inspired by this success, researchers have explored adapting these methods to speech by discretizing continuous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Luca Della Libera , Francesco Paissan , Cem Subakan , Mirco Ravanelli

Overfitted neural video codecs offer a decoding complexity orders of magnitude smaller than their autoencoder counterparts. Yet, this low complexity comes at the cost of limited compression efficiency, in part due to their difficulty…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-27 Thomas Leguay , Théo Ladune , Pierrick Philippe , Olivier Deforges

Perceptual quality of audio is the combination of aural accuracy and listener-perceived sound fidelity. It is how humans respond to the accuracy, intelligibility, and fidelity of aural media. Today this fidelity is also heavily influenced…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Thien T. Duong , Jan P. Springer

Neural audio codecs (NACs) achieve low-bitrate compression by learning compact audio representations, which can also serve as features for perceptual quality evaluation. We introduce DACe, an enhanced, higher-fidelity version of the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-23 Arijit Biswas , Lars Villemoes

While recent neural codecs achieve strong performance at low bitrates when optimized for perceptual quality, their effectiveness deteriorates significantly under ultra-low bitrate conditions. To mitigate this, generative compression methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Chuqin Zhou , Xiaoyue Ling , Yunuo Chen , Jincheng Dai , Guo Lu , Wenjun Zhang

Neural audio codecs, leveraging quantization algorithms, have significantly impacted various speech/audio tasks. While high-fidelity reconstruction is paramount for human perception, audio coding for machines (ACoM) prioritizes efficient…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Anastasia Kuznetsova , Inseon Jang , Wootaek Lim , Minje Kim

Neural audio codecs have recently gained popularity because they can represent audio signals with high fidelity at very low bitrates, making it feasible to use language modeling approaches for audio generation and understanding. Residual…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Hubert Siuzdak , Florian Grötschla , Luca A. Lanzendörfer

Neural audio compression has emerged as a promising technology for efficiently representing speech, music, and general audio. However, existing methods suffer from significant performance degradation at limited bitrates, where the available…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jin Wang , Wenbin Jiang , Xiangbo Wang , Yubo You , Sheng Fang

Latent representation learning has been an active field of study for decades in numerous applications. Inspired among others by the tokenization from Natural Language Processing and motivated by the research of a simple data representation,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-26 Benoît Giniès , Xiaoyu Bie , Olivier Fercoq , Gaël Richard

We present BigCodec, a low-bitrate neural speech codec. While recent neural speech codecs have shown impressive progress, their performance significantly deteriorates at low bitrates (around 1 kbps). Although a low bitrate inherently…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-10 Detai Xin , Xu Tan , Shinnosuke Takamichi , Hiroshi Saruwatari

Traditional image and video compression algorithms rely on hand-crafted encoder/decoder pairs (codecs) that lack adaptability and are agnostic to the data being compressed. Here we describe the concept of generative compression, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-06-06 Shibani Santurkar , David Budden , Nir Shavit

Neural audio codecs form the foundational building blocks for language model (LM)-based speech generation. Typically, there is a trade-off between frame rate and audio quality. This study introduces a low-frame-rate, semantically enhanced…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Jiaqi Li , Xiaolong Lin , Zhekai Li , Shixi Huang , Yuancheng Wang , Chaoren Wang , Zhenpeng Zhan , Zhizheng Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced audio processing by leveraging audio codecs to discretize audio into tokens, enabling the application of language modeling techniques to speech data. However, existing audio codecs…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-11 Edresson Casanova , Paarth Neekhara , Ryan Langman , Shehzeen Hussain , Subhankar Ghosh , Xuesong Yang , Ante Jukić , Jason Li , Boris Ginsburg

We introduce a state-of-the-art real-time, high-fidelity, audio codec leveraging neural networks. It consists in a streaming encoder-decoder architecture with quantized latent space trained in an end-to-end fashion. We simplify and speed-up…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-25 Alexandre Défossez , Jade Copet , Gabriel Synnaeve , Yossi Adi

A good audio codec for live applications such as telecommunication is characterized by three key properties: (1) compression, i.e.\ the bitrate that is required to transmit the signal should be as low as possible; (2) latency, i.e.\…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-29 Yi-Chiao Wu , Israel D. Gebru , Dejan Marković , Alexander Richard

This paper presents a new neural speech compression method that is practical in the sense that it operates at low bitrate, introduces a low latency, is compatible in computational complexity with current mobile devices, and provides a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-10 Reza Lotfidereshgi , Philippe Gournay

Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced audio generation through discrete representation learning. However, most existing neural codecs focus on speech and emphasize reconstruction fidelity, overlooking unified low frame rate modeling…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Jingbin Hu , Haoyu Zhang , Dake Guo , Qirui Zhan , Wenhao Li , Huakang Chen , Guobin Ma , Hanke Xie , Chengyou Wang , Pengyuan Xie , Chuan Xie , Qiang Zhang , Lei Xie

We present a scalable and efficient neural waveform coding system for speech compression. We formulate the speech coding problem as an autoencoding task, where a convolutional neural network (CNN) performs encoding and decoding as a neural…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-30 Kai Zhen , Jongmo Sung , Mi Suk Lee , Seungkwon Beak , Minje Kim

In traditional software programs, it is easy to trace program logic from variables back to input, apply assertion statements to block erroneous behavior, and compose programs together. Although deep learning programs have demonstrated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Mike Wu , Noah Goodman , Stefano Ermon