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In contrast to classical public-key cryptosystems, where the security of encoded messages relies on on computational assumptions, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables two distant parties to establish a shared secret key that, when…

We present an implementation of the time-frequency (TF) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol realized mainly with standard telecommunication components at 1550 nm. TF-QKD is implemented with modulations in time and frequency, namely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-09 Jasper Rödiger , Nicolas Perlot , Oliver Benson , Ronald Freund

Current implementations of quantum key distribution (QKD) typically rely on prepare-and-measure (P&M) schemes. Unfortunately, these implementations are not completely secure, unless security proofs fully incorporate all imperfections of…

In theory, quantum key distribution (QKD) allows secure communications between two parties based on physical laws. However, most of the security proofs of QKD today make unrealistic assumptions and neglect many relevant device…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-06 Margarida Pereira , Marcos Curty , Kiyoshi Tamaki

We discuss the potential of quantum key distribution (QKD) for long distance communication by proposing a new analysis of the errors caused by dark counts. We give sufficient conditions for a considerable improvement of the key generation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 J. -C. Boileau , J. Batuwantudawe , R. Laflamme

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a technique to establish a secret key between two parties through a quantum channel. Several QKD protocols have been proposed and implemented over optical fibers or free space links. The main challenge of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-20 Mitali Sisodia , Omshankar , Vivek Venkataraman , Joyee Ghosh

We study the way that chromatic dispersion affects the visibility and the synchronization on Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols in a widely-used setup based on the use of two fiber-based Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometers at…

Using quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, a secret key is created between two distant users (transmitter and receiver) at a particular key rate. Quantum technology can facilitate secure communication for cryptographic applications,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Venkat Abhignan , Mohit Mittal , Aditi Das , Megha Shrivastava

Mobile devices have become an inseparable part of our everyday life. They are used to transmit an ever-increasing amount of sensitive health, financial and personal information. This exposes us to the growing scale and sophistication of…

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) supports the negotiation and sharing of private keys with unconditional security between authorized parties. Over the years, theoretical advances and experimental demonstrations have successfully transitioned…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-17 Haoran Zhang , Haotao Zhu , Ruihua He , Yan Zhang , Chao Ding , Lajos Hanzo , Weibo Gao

There is a big gap between theory and practice in quantum key distribution (QKD) because real devices do not satisfy the assumptions required by the security proofs. Here, we close this gap by introducing a simple and practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-31 Álvaro Navarrete , Margarida Pereira , Marcos Curty , Kiyoshi Tamaki

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic technique that uses quantum mechanical principles to enable secure key exchange. Practical deployment of QKD requires robust, cost-effective systems that can operate in challenging field…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Rui Guan , Jingchun Yu , Zhaoyun Li , Hongbo Xie , Yuxing Wei , Sen Li , Jing Wen , Xiaodong Liang , Yanwei Li , Kejin Wei

We establish a security proof of frequency-time coding quantum key distribution (FT-QKD) protocol by showing its connection to the squeezed state quantum key distribution protocol, which has been proven to be unconditionally secure. We also…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-18 Bing Qi

Quantum cryptography has attracted much attention in recent years. In most existing quantum cryptographic protocols, players usually need the full quantum power of generating, manipulating or measuring quantum states. Semiquantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-12 Ming-Ming Wang , Lin-Ming Gong , Lian-He Shao

The coherent one-way (COW) quantum key distribution (QKD) is a highly practical quantum communication protocol that is currently deployed in off-the-shelves products. However, despite its simplicity and widespread use, the security of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-26 Emilien Lavie , Charles C. -W. Lim

We report the first Quantum key distribution (QKD) experiment over a 72 dB channel loss using superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SSPD, SNSPD) with the dark count rate (DCR) of 0.01 cps. The DCR of the SSPD, which is dominated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-22 Hiroyuki Shibata , Toshimori Honjo , Kaoru Shimizu

Quantum key distribution (QKD) represents a cornerstone of secure communication in the quantum era. While discrete-variable QKD (DV-QKD) protocols were historically the first to demonstrate secure key exchange, continuous-variable QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-30 Mobin Motaharifar , Mahmood Hasani , Hassan Kaatuzian

Quantum cryptography is now considered as a promising technology due to its promise of unconditional security. In recent years, rigorous work is being done for the experimental realization of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-02 Satish Kumar , Priya Malpani , Britant , Sandeep Mishra , Anirban Pathak

The security of conventional cryptography systems is threatened in the forthcoming era of quantum computers. Quantum key distribution (QKD) features fundamentally proven security and offers a promising option for quantum-proof cryptography…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-29 Nurul T. Islam , Charles Ci Wen Lim , Clinton Cahall , Jungsang Kim , Daniel J. Gauthier

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure communication method that utilizes the principles of quantum mechanics to establish secret keys. The central task in the study of QKD is to prove security in the presence of an eavesdropper with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-14 Sirui Peng , Xiaoming Sun , Hongyi Zhou