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Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) is often constrained by the computational costs of processing massive datasets. We propose \textbf{QLESS} (Quantized Low-rank Gradient Similarity Search), which integrates gradient quantization with…

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) are propelling us toward artificial general intelligence with their remarkable emergent abilities and reasoning capabilities. However, the substantial computational and memory requirements…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Ruihao Gong , Yang Yong , Shiqiao Gu , Yushi Huang , Chengtao Lv , Yunchen Zhang , Xianglong Liu , Dacheng Tao

Network quantization has gained increasing attention with the rapid growth of large pre-trained language models~(PLMs). However, most existing quantization methods for PLMs follow quantization-aware training~(QAT) that requires end-to-end…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Haoli Bai , Lu Hou , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Irwin King , Michael R. Lyu

The growing computational demands of training large language models (LLMs) necessitate more efficient methods. Quantized training presents a promising solution by enabling low-bit arithmetic operations to reduce these costs. While FP8…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Ruizhe Wang , Yeyun Gong , Xiao Liu , Guoshuai Zhao , Ziyue Yang , Baining Guo , Zhengjun Zha , Peng Cheng

Quantization is an indispensable technique for serving Large Language Models (LLMs) and has recently found its way into LoRA fine-tuning. In this work we focus on the scenario where quantization and LoRA fine-tuning are applied together on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Yixiao Li , Yifan Yu , Chen Liang , Pengcheng He , Nikos Karampatziakis , Weizhu Chen , Tuo Zhao

Deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) has major computational costs, due to their rapidly expanding size. Compression of LLMs reduces the memory footprint, latency, and energy required for their inference. Post-training Quantization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Ali Edalati , Alireza Ghaffari , Mahsa Ghazvini Nejad , Lu Hou , Boxing Chen , Masoud Asgharian , Vahid Partovi Nia

Quantization-aware training (QAT) is a leading technique for improving the accuracy of quantized neural networks. Previous work has shown that decomposing training into a full-precision (FP) phase followed by a QAT phase yields superior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Aleksandr Dremov , David Grangier , Angelos Katharopoulos , Awni Hannun

Large language models have transformed the comprehension and generation of natural language tasks, but they come with substantial memory and computational requirements. Quantization techniques have emerged as a promising avenue for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Amitash Nanda , Sree Bhargavi Balija , Debashis Sahoo

Post-training quantization (PTQ) of large language models (LLMs) to extremely low bit-widths remains challenging due to the fundamental trade-off between computational efficiency and representational capacity. While existing ultra-low-bit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 He Xiao , Runming Yang , Qingyao Yang , Wendong Xu , Zhen Li , Yupeng Su , Zhengwu Liu , Hongxia Yang , Ngai Wong

Large language models (LLMs) are crucial in modern natural language processing and artificial intelligence. However, they face challenges in managing their significant memory requirements. Although quantization-aware training (QAT) offers a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Mengzhao Chen , Wenqi Shao , Peng Xu , Jiahao Wang , Peng Gao , Kaipeng Zhang , Ping Luo

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing tasks. However, their practical deployment is hindered by their immense memory and computation requirements. Although recent post-training quantization (PTQ)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Wenqi Shao , Mengzhao Chen , Zhaoyang Zhang , Peng Xu , Lirui Zhao , Zhiqian Li , Kaipeng Zhang , Peng Gao , Yu Qiao , Ping Luo

In recent years, the compression of large language models (LLMs) has emerged as a key problem in facilitating LLM deployment on resource-limited devices, reducing compute costs, and mitigating the environmental footprint due to large-scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Sean I. Young

The emergence of accurate open large language models (LLMs) has led to a race towards performant quantization techniques which can enable their execution on end-user devices. In this paper, we revisit the problem of "extreme" LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Vage Egiazarian , Andrei Panferov , Denis Kuznedelev , Elias Frantar , Artem Babenko , Dan Alistarh

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on resource-constrained edge devices like the Raspberry Pi presents challenges in computational efficiency, power consumption, and response latency. This paper explores quantization-based optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Mahsa Ardakani , Jinendra Malekar , Ramtin Zand

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated strong potential for cybersecurity question answering (QA), supporting decision-making in real-time threat detection and response workflows. However, their substantial computational…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Onat Gungor , Roshan Sood , Harold Wang , Tajana Rosing

Quantization has gained attention as a promising solution for the cost-effective deployment of large and small language models. However, most prior work has been limited to perplexity or basic knowledge tasks and lacks a comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Jemin Lee , Sihyeong Park , Jinse Kwon , Jihun Oh , Yongin Kwon

The rapid scaling of language models (LMs) has resulted in unprecedented computational, memory, and energy requirements, making their training and deployment increasingly unsustainable. Quantization has emerged as an essential compression…

Quantization-aware training (QAT) is an effective method to drastically reduce the memory footprint of LLMs while keeping performance degradation at an acceptable level. However, the optimal choice of quantization format and bit-width…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Sohir Maskey , Constantin Eichenberg , Johannes Messner , Douglas Orr

Despite the growing interest in Small Language Models (SLMs) as resource-efficient alternatives to Large Language Models (LLMs), their deployment on edge devices remains challenging due to unresolved efficiency gaps in model compression.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jiacheng Wang , Yejun Zeng , Jinyang Guo , Yuqing Ma , Aishan Liu , Xianglong Liu

Recently, pre-trained language models like BERT have shown promising performance on multiple natural language processing tasks. However, the application of these models has been limited due to their huge size. To reduce its size, a popular…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Zihan Zhao , Yuncong Liu , Lu Chen , Qi Liu , Rao Ma , Kai Yu