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In order for large language models to achieve true conversational continuity and benefit from experiential learning, they need memory. While research has focused on the development of complex memory systems, it remains unclear which types…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Alessandra Terranova , Björn Ross , Alexandra Birch

To enhance the reasoning capabilities of off-the-shelf Large Language Models (LLMs), we introduce a simple, yet general and effective prompting method, Re2, i.e., \textbf{Re}-\textbf{Re}ading the question as input. Unlike most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Xiaohan Xu , Chongyang Tao , Tao Shen , Can Xu , Hongbo Xu , Guodong Long , Jian-guang Lou , Shuai Ma

Large vision-language models (VLMs) fine-tuned on specialized visual instruction-following data have exhibited impressive language reasoning capabilities across various scenarios. However, this fine-tuning paradigm may not be able to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Yuexiang Zhai , Hao Bai , Zipeng Lin , Jiayi Pan , Shengbang Tong , Yifei Zhou , Alane Suhr , Saining Xie , Yann LeCun , Yi Ma , Sergey Levine

Large Language Models' (LLM) reasoning can be improved using test-time aggregation strategies, i.e., generating multiple samples and voting among generated samples. While these improve performance, they often reach a saturation point.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Justin Chih-Yao Chen , Archiki Prasad , Swarnadeep Saha , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal

Large reasoning models (LRMs) have significantly advanced performance on complex tasks, yet their tendency to overthink introduces inefficiencies. This study investigates the internal mechanisms of reinforcement learning (RL)-trained LRMs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Rongzhi Zhu , Yi Liu , Zequn Sun , Yiwei Wang , Wei Hu

Reinforcement learning (RL) has increasingly become a pivotal technique in the post-training of large language models (LLMs). The effective exploration of the output space is essential for the success of RL. We observe that for complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Shihan Dou , Muling Wu , Jingwen Xu , Rui Zheng , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

Recent advances in LLM agents have largely built on reasoning backbones like ReAct, which interleave thought and action in complex environments. However, ReAct often produces ungrounded or incoherent reasoning steps, leading to misalignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Jeonghye Kim , Sojeong Rhee , Minbeom Kim , Dohyung Kim , Sangmook Lee , Youngchul Sung , Kyomin Jung

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. While these models excel in general complex reasoning tasks, they still face challenges in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Graziano A. Manduzio , Federico A. Galatolo , Mario G. C. A. Cimino , Enzo Pasquale Scilingo , Lorenzo Cominelli

As world knowledge advances and new task schemas emerge, Continual Learning (CL) becomes essential for keeping Large Language Models (LLMs) current and addressing their shortcomings. This process typically involves continual instruction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Haokun Zhao , Haixia Han , Jie Shi , Chengyu Du , Jiaqing Liang , Yanghua Xiao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable advancements in tackling agent-oriented tasks. Despite their potential, existing work faces challenges when deploying LLMs in agent-based environments. The widely adopted agent paradigm…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Keer Lu , Chong Chen , Xili Wang , Bin Cui , Yunhuai Liu , Wentao Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit strong linguistic abilities while remaining unreliable on multi-step reasoning tasks, particularly when deployed without additional training or fine-tuning. In this work, we study inference-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Vinay Sharma , Manish Jain

AI researchers and practitioners increasingly apply large language models (LLMs) to what we call reasoning-intensive regression (RiR), i.e., deducing subtle numerical scores from text. Unlike standard language regression tasks such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Diane Tchuindjo , Omar Khattab

A practical large language model (LLM) service may involve a long system prompt, which specifies the instructions, examples, and knowledge documents of the task and is reused across requests. However, the long system prompt causes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Lei Zhu , Xinjiang Wang , Wayne Zhang , Rynson W. H. Lau

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved multi-hop question answering (QA) through direct Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. However, the irreversible nature of CoT leads to error accumulation, making it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Xinjie Zhao , Fan Gao , Xingyu Song , Yingjian Chen , Rui Yang , Yanran Fu , Yuyang Wang , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo , Irene Li

Despite the strong performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on complex instruction-following tasks, precise control of output length remains a persistent challenge. Existing methods primarily attempt to enforce length constraints by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Wei Zhang , Lintong Du , Yuanhe Zhang , Zhenhong Zhou , Kun Wang , Li Sun , Sen Su

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has substantially influenced natural language processing, demonstrating exceptional results across various tasks. In this study, we employ ``Introspective Tips" to facilitate LLMs in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Liting Chen , Lu Wang , Hang Dong , Yali Du , Jie Yan , Fangkai Yang , Shuang Li , Pu Zhao , Si Qin , Saravan Rajmohan , Qingwei Lin , Dongmei Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as effective action policies for sequential decision-making (SDM) tasks due to their extensive prior knowledge. However, this broad yet general knowledge is often insufficient for specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Xue Yan , Zijing Ou , Mengyue Yang , Yan Song , Haifeng Zhang , Yingzhen Li , Jun Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly used to interact with external environments (e.g., games, compilers, APIs) as goal-driven agents. However, it remains challenging for these language agents to quickly and efficiently learn…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Noah Shinn , Federico Cassano , Edward Berman , Ashwin Gopinath , Karthik Narasimhan , Shunyu Yao

Large Language Models (LLMs) are intended to reflect human linguistic competencies. But humans have access to a broad and embodied context, which is key in detecting and resolving linguistic ambiguities, even in isolated text spans. A…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Amber Shore , Russell Scheinberg , Ameeta Agrawal , So Young Lee

Large reasoning models such as DeepSeek-R1 and OpenAI o1 generate extended chains of thought spanning thousands of tokens, yet their integration with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) remains fundamentally misaligned. Current RAG systems…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Dongxin Guo , Jikun Wu , Siu Ming Yiu