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Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become essential for eliciting complex reasoning capabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the substantial memory overhead of storing Key-Value (KV) caches during long-horizon rollouts acts as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Sijia Luo , Xiaokang Zhang , Yuxuan Hu , Bohan Zhang , Ke Wang , Jinbo Su , Mengshu Sun , Lei Liang , Jing Zhang

In this paper, we present a brief survey of Reinforcement Learning (RL), with particular emphasis on Stochastic Approximation (SA) as a unifying theme. The scope of the paper includes Markov Reward Processes, Markov Decision Processes,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Mathukumalli Vidyasagar

We present Sequential Neural Likelihood (SNL), a new method for Bayesian inference in simulator models, where the likelihood is intractable but simulating data from the model is possible. SNL trains an autoregressive flow on simulated data…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-23 George Papamakarios , David C. Sterratt , Iain Murray

Q-learning is one of the most popular methods in Reinforcement Learning (RL). Transfer Learning aims to utilize the learned knowledge from source tasks to help new tasks to improve the sample complexity of the new tasks. Considering that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-25 Yue Wang , Qi Meng , Wei Cheng , Yuting Liug , Zhi-Ming Ma , Tie-Yan Liu

Constructing valid prediction intervals rather than point estimates is a well-established approach for uncertainty quantification in the regression setting. Models equipped with this capacity output an interval of values in which the ground…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-07 Thomas Pouplin , Alan Jeffares , Nabeel Seedat , Mihaela van der Schaar

Designing learning-based no-reference (NR) video quality assessment (VQA) algorithms for camera-captured videos is cumbersome due to the requirement of a large number of human annotations of quality. In this work, we propose a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-01 Shankhanil Mitra , Saiyam Jogani , Rajiv Soundararajan

Self-training is a classical approach in semi-supervised learning which is successfully applied to a variety of machine learning problems. Self-training algorithm generates pseudo-labels for the unlabeled examples and progressively refines…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Samet Oymak , Talha Cihad Gulcu

Q-learning is widely used algorithm in reinforcement learning community. Under the lookup table setting, its convergence is well established. However, its behavior is known to be unstable with the linear function approximation case. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Han-Dong Lim , Donghwan Lee

Two-timescale Stochastic Approximation (SA) algorithms are widely used in Reinforcement Learning (RL). Their iterates have two parts that are updated using distinct stepsizes. In this work, we develop a novel recipe for their finite sample…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-06 Gal Dalal , Balazs Szorenyi , Gugan Thoppe , Shie Mannor

Recent advances in model-free deep reinforcement learning (DRL) show that simple model-free methods can be highly effective in challenging high-dimensional continuous control tasks. In particular, Truncated Quantile Critics (TQC) achieves…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Yanqiu Wu , Xinyue Chen , Che Wang , Yiming Zhang , Keith W. Ross

The growing literature of Federated Learning (FL) has recently inspired Federated Reinforcement Learning (FRL) to encourage multiple agents to federatively build a better decision-making policy without sharing raw trajectories. Despite its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Flint Xiaofeng Fan , Yining Ma , Zhongxiang Dai , Wei Jing , Cheston Tan , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

Meta-Reinforcement Learning (Meta-RL) agents can struggle to operate across tasks with varying environmental features that require different optimal skills (i.e., different modes of behaviour). Using context encoders based on contrastive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Xuehui Yu , Mhairi Dunion , Xin Li , Stefano V. Albrecht

Designing a competent meta-reinforcement learning (meta-RL) algorithm in terms of data usage remains a central challenge to be tackled for its successful real-world applications. In this paper, we propose a sample-efficient meta-RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Jaeuk Shin , Giho Kim , Howon Lee , Joonho Han , Insoon Yang

Reinforcement learning (RL) provides a principled framework for decision-making in partially observable environments, which can be modeled as Markov decision processes and compactly represented through dynamic decision Bayesian networks.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-25 Gilberto Cunha , Alexandra Ramôa , André Sequeira , Michael de Oliveira , Luís Barbosa

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) has increasingly become the focus of the artificial intelligent research due to its wide real-world applications where the collection of data may be difficult, time-consuming, or costly. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Chenyang Xi , Bo Tang , Jiajun Shen , Xinfu Liu , Feiyu Xiong , Xueying Li

Learning to imitate expert behavior from demonstrations can be challenging, especially in environments with high-dimensional, continuous observations and unknown dynamics. Supervised learning methods based on behavioral cloning (BC) suffer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-27 Siddharth Reddy , Anca D. Dragan , Sergey Levine

Q-learning is a widely used algorithm in reinforcement learning (RL), but its convergence can be slow, especially when the discount factor is close to one. Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) Q-learning, which introduces a relaxation factor to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Shreyas S R

This article introduces a novel sample-efficient curriculum learning (CL) approach for training an end-to-end reinforcement learning (RL) policy for robust stabilization of a Quadrotor. The learning objective is to simultaneously stabilize…

In reinforcement learning (RL), it is challenging to learn directly from high-dimensional observations, where data augmentation has recently been shown to remedy this via encoding invariances from raw pixels. Nevertheless, we empirically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Chenyu Sun , Hangwei Qian , Chunyan Miao

Q-learning has long been one of the most popular reinforcement learning algorithms, and theoretical analysis of Q-learning has been an active research topic for decades. Although researches on asymptotic convergence analysis of Q-learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Han-Dong Lim , Donghwan Lee
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