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Related papers: TABCF: Counterfactual Explanations for Tabular Dat…

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Much research has been devoted to the problem of learning fair representations; however, they do not explicitly the relationship between latent representations. In many real-world applications, there may be causal relationships between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Ziqi Xu , Jixue Liu , Debo Cheng , Jiuyong Li , Lin Liu , Ke Wang

Counterfactual explanations offer an intuitive way to interpret graph neural networks (GNNs) by identifying minimal changes that alter a model's prediction, thereby answering "what must differ for a different outcome?". In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Yu Zhang , Sean Bin Yang , Arijit Khan , Cuneyt Gurcan Akcora

Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) are essential for interpreting black-box models, yet they often become invalid when models are slightly changed. Existing methods for generating robust CFEs are often limited to specific types of models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Marcin Kostrzewa , Maciej Zięba , Jerzy Stefanowski

Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) are minimal and semantically meaningful modifications of the input of a model that alter the model predictions. They highlight the decisive features the model relies on, providing contrastive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Chao Wang , Chengan Che , Xinyue Chen , Sophia Tsoka , Luis C. Garcia-Peraza-Herrera

A CF explainer identifies the minimum modifications in the input that would alter the model's output to its complement. In other words, a CF explainer computes the minimum modifications required to cross the model's decision boundary.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Amir Samadi , Amir Shirian , Konstantinos Koufos , Kurt Debattista , Mehrdad Dianati

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has become increasingly important in decision-critical domains such as healthcare, finance, and law. Counterfactual (CF) explanations, a key approach in XAI, provide users with actionable insights…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Volkan Bakir , Polat Goktas , Sureyya Akyuz

Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) are an emerging technique under the umbrella of interpretability of machine learning (ML) models. They provide ``what if'' feedback of the form ``if an input datapoint were $x'$ instead of $x$, then an ML…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Sahil Verma , John Dickerson , Keegan Hines

The growing reliance of machine learning models in high-stakes, highly regulated domains such as finance and insurance has created a growing tension between predictive performance, interpretability, and regulatory fairness requirements. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Panyi Dong , Zhiyu Quan

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a pivotal research domain aimed at understanding the operational mechanisms of AI systems, particularly those considered ``black boxes'' due to their complex, opaque nature. XAI seeks to make…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 José Daniel Pascual-Triana , Alberto Fernández , Javier Del Ser , Francisco Herrera

Machine learning models are widely used in real-world applications. However, their complexity makes it often challenging to interpret the rationale behind their decisions. Counterfactual explanations (CEs) have emerged as a viable solution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Muhammad Suffian , Jose M. Alonso-Moral , Alessandro Bogliolo

Currently, there is a significant amount of research being conducted in the field of artificial intelligence to improve the explainability and interpretability of deep learning models. It is found that if end-users understand the reason for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Niloofar Ranjbar , Saeedeh Momtazi , MohammadMehdi Homayounpour

With the rising need of interpretable machine learning methods, there is a necessity for a rise in human effort to provide diverse explanations of the influencing factors of the model decisions. To improve the trust and transparency of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Peiyu Li , Soukaina Filali Boubrahimi , Shah Muhammad Hamdi

Paradoxically, a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) could be pushed in two opposite directions, utilizing powerful decoder model for generating realistic images but collapsing the learned representation, or increasing regularization coefficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Trung Ngo , Najwa Laabid , Ville Hautamäki , Merja Heinäniemi

Counterfactual explanations have emerged as a prominent method in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), providing intuitive and actionable insights into Machine Learning model decisions. In contrast to other traditional feature…

Explainable machine learning has attracted much interest in the community where the stakes are high. Counterfactual explanations methods have become an important tool in explaining a black-box model. The recent advances have leveraged the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Wei Zhang , Brian Barr , John Paisley

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in explainable AI methods. In addition to making accurate predictions, we also want to understand what the model's decision is based on. One of the fundamental levels of interpretability is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Patryk Marszałek , Kamil Książek , Oleksii Furman , Ulvi Movsum-zada , Przemysław Spurek , Marek Śmieja

Machine learning models perform well on several healthcare tasks and can help reduce the burden on the healthcare system. However, the lack of explainability is a major roadblock to their adoption in hospitals. \textit{How can the decision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Supriya Nagesh , Nina Mishra , Yonatan Naamad , James M. Rehg , Mehul A. Shah , Alexei Wagner

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is increasingly essential as AI systems are deployed in critical fields such as healthcare and finance, offering transparency into AI-driven decisions. Two major XAI paradigms, counterfactual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jacob Sanderson , Hua Mao , Wai Lok Woo

Transformers have shown impressive results in tabular data generation. However, they lack domain-specific inductive biases which are critical for preserving the intrinsic characteristics of tabular data. They also suffer from poor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Jiayu Li , Bingyin Zhao , Zilong Zhao , Uzair Javaid , Kevin Yee , Biplab Sikdar

Recent advances in Explainable AI (XAI) increased the demand for deployment of safe and interpretable AI models in various industry sectors. Despite the latest success of deep neural networks in a variety of domains, understanding the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Timur Sattarov , Dayananda Herurkar , Jörn Hees