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Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms show amazing performance in simulation in recent years, but placing MARL in real-world applications may suffer safety problems. MARL with centralized shields was proposed and verified in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Zhiyuan Cai , Huanhui Cao , Wenjie Lu , Lin Zhang , Hao Xiong

Communication is important in many multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) problems for agents to share information and make good decisions. However, when deploying trained communicative agents in a real-world application where noise and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Yanchao Sun , Ruijie Zheng , Parisa Hassanzadeh , Yongyuan Liang , Soheil Feizi , Sumitra Ganesh , Furong Huang

We study the multi-agent safe control problem where agents should avoid collisions to static obstacles and collisions with each other while reaching their goals. Our core idea is to learn the multi-agent control policy jointly with learning…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Zengyi Qin , Kaiqing Zhang , Yuxiao Chen , Jingkai Chen , Chuchu Fan

We discuss the problem of decentralized multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in this work. In our setting, the global state, action, and reward are assumed to be fully observable, while the local policy is protected as privacy by each…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Kuo Li , Qing-Shan Jia

Popular methods in cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with partially observable environments typically allow agents to act independently during execution, which may limit the coordinated effect of the trained policies. However,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Faizan Contractor , Li Li , Ranwa Al Mallah

Shielding is a prominent model-based technique to ensure safety of autonomous agents. Classical shielding aims to ensure that nothing bad ever happens and comes with strong guarantees about safety and maximal permissiveness. However,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Linus Heck , Filip Macák , Roman Andriushchenko , Milan Češka , Sebastian Junges

Scalability is the key roadstone towards the application of cooperative intelligent algorithms in large-scale networks. Reinforcement learning (RL) is known as model-free and high efficient intelligent algorithm for communication problems…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-08 Fenghe Hu , Yansha Deng , A. Hamid Aghvami

As a data-driven approach, multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has made remarkable advances in solving cooperative residential load scheduling problems. However, centralized training, the most common paradigm for MARL, limits…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Zhaoming Qin , Nanqing Dong , Di Liu , Zhefan Wang , Junwei Cao

We explore a collaborative and cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning setting where a team of reinforcement learning agents attempt to solve a single cooperative task in a multi-scenario setting. We propose a novel multi-agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Hassam Ullah Sheikh , Ladislau Bölöni

Advancing reinforcement learning (RL) requires tools that are flexible enough to easily prototype new methods while avoiding impractically slow experimental turnaround times. To match the first requirement, the most popular RL libraries…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Albert Bou , Sebastian Dittert , Gianni De Fabritiis

AI-based defensive solutions are necessary to defend networks and information assets against intelligent automated attacks. Gathering enough realistic data for training machine learning-based defenses is a significant practical challenge.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Kalle Kujanpää , Willie Victor , Alexander Ilin

Many real-world tasks involve multiple agents with partial observability and limited communication. Learning is challenging in these settings due to local viewpoints of agents, which perceive the world as non-stationary due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-23 Shayegan Omidshafiei , Jason Pazis , Christopher Amato , Jonathan P. How , John Vian

Traditional multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithms are not scalable to environments with more than a few agents, since these algorithms are exponential in the number of agents. Recent research has introduced successful methods to…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Sriram Ganapathi Subramanian , Matthew E. Taylor , Mark Crowley , Pascal Poupart

While large language model-based agents demonstrate great potential in collaborative tasks, their interactivity also introduces security vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose and model group collusive attacks, a highly destructive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yiling Tao , Xinran Zheng , Shuo Yang , Meiling Tao , Xingjun Wang

Many studies have applied reinforcement learning to train a dialog policy and show great promise these years. One common approach is to employ a user simulator to obtain a large number of simulated user experiences for reinforcement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Ryuichi Takanobu , Runze Liang , Minlie Huang

A characteristic of reinforcement learning is the ability to develop unforeseen strategies when solving problems. While such strategies sometimes yield superior performance, they may also result in undesired or even dangerous behavior. In…

In this paper, we propose a method to develop trustworthy reinforcement learning systems. To ensure safety especially during exploration, we automatically synthesize a correct-by-construction runtime enforcer, called a shield, that blocks…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Bettina Könighofer , Julian Rudolf , Alexander Palmisano , Martin Tappler , Roderick Bloem

We consider the problem of safe control in discrete autonomous agents that use learned components for imperfect perception (or more generally, state estimation) from high-dimensional observations. We propose a shield construction that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-29 William Scarbro , Calum Imrie , Sinem Getir Yaman , Kavan Fatehi , Corina S. Pasareanu , Radu Calinescu , Ravi Mangal

When developing reinforcement learning agents, the standard approach is to train an agent to converge to a fixed policy that is as close to optimal as possible for a single fixed reward function. If different agent behaviour is required in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-01-29 David O'Callaghan , Patrick Mannion

Unseen shifts in environment dynamics, driven by hidden parameters such as friction or gravity, create a challenge for maintaining safety. We address this challenge by proposing Adaptive Shielding, a framework for safe reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Minjae Kwon , Tyler Ingebrand , Ufuk Topcu , Lu Feng