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Tokenization is fundamental to pretrained language models (PLMs). Existing tokenization methods for Chinese PLMs typically treat each character as an indivisible token. However, they ignore the unique feature of the Chinese writing system…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Chenglei Si , Zhengyan Zhang , Yingfa Chen , Fanchao Qi , Xiaozhi Wang , Zhiyuan Liu , Yasheng Wang , Qun Liu , Maosong Sun

Despite the growing reliance on fairness benchmarks to evaluate language models, the datasets that underpin these benchmarks remain critically underexamined. This survey addresses that overlooked foundation by offering a comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Jiale Zhang , Zichong Wang , Avash Palikhe , Zhipeng Yin , Wenbin Zhang

Classical Chinese poetry is a vital and enduring part of Chinese literature, conveying profound emotional resonance. Existing studies analyze sentiment based on textual meanings, overlooking the unique rhythmic and visual features inherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Xiaocong Du , Haoyu Pei , Haipeng Zhang

Natural Language Processing systems are heavily dependent on the availability of annotated data to train practical models. Primarily, models are trained on English datasets. In recent times, significant advances have been made in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Ankit Kumar Upadhyay , Harsit Kumar Upadhya

Comprehension of ancient texts plays an important role in archaeology and understanding of Chinese history and civilization. The rapid development of large language models needs benchmarks that can evaluate their comprehension of ancient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Zhihan Zhou , Daqian Shi , Rui Song , Lida Shi , Xiaolei Diao , Hao Xu

Historical documents in the Sinosphere are known to share common formats and practices, particularly in veritable records compiled by court historians. This shared linguistic heritage has led researchers to use Classical Chinese resources…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Seyoung Song , Haneul Yoo , Jiho Jin , Kyunghyun Cho , Alice Oh

With the continuous emergence of Chinese Large Language Models (LLMs), how to evaluate a model's capabilities has become an increasingly significant issue. The absence of a comprehensive Chinese benchmark that thoroughly assesses a model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Yanyang Li , Jianqiao Zhao , Duo Zheng , Zi-Yuan Hu , Zhi Chen , Xiaohui Su , Yongfeng Huang , Shijia Huang , Dahua Lin , Michael R. Lyu , Liwei Wang

The landscape of extremely low-resource machine translation (MT) is characterized by perplexing variability in reported performance, often making results across different language pairs difficult to contextualize. For researchers focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Danlu Chen , Ka Sing He , Jiahe Tian , Chenghao Xiao , Zhaofeng Wu , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick , Freda Shi

This paper presents a description of CUNI systems submitted to the WMT20 task on unsupervised and very low-resource supervised machine translation between German and Upper Sorbian. We experimented with training on synthetic data and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Ivana Kvapilíková , Tom Kocmi , Ondřej Bojar

This paper provides an analysis of character-level machine translation models used in pivot-based translation when applied to sparse and noisy datasets, such as crowdsourced movie subtitles. In our experiments, we find that such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Jörg Tiedemann , Preslav Nakov

This paper describes the machine translation system developed jointly by Baidu Research and Oregon State University for WMT 2019 Machine Translation Robustness Shared Task. Translation of social media is a very challenging problem, since…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Renjie Zheng , Hairong Liu , Mingbo Ma , Baigong Zheng , Liang Huang

We demonstrate the potential of few-shot translation systems, trained with unpaired language data, for both high and low-resource language pairs. We show that with only 5 examples of high-quality translation data shown at inference, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Xavier Garcia , Yamini Bansal , Colin Cherry , George Foster , Maxim Krikun , Fangxiaoyu Feng , Melvin Johnson , Orhan Firat

This paper presents BSTC (Baidu Speech Translation Corpus), a large-scale Chinese-English speech translation dataset. This dataset is constructed based on a collection of licensed videos of talks or lectures, including about 68 hours of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-28 Ruiqing Zhang , Xiyang Wang , Chuanqiang Zhang , Zhongjun He , Hua Wu , Zhi Li , Haifeng Wang , Ying Chen , Qinfei Li

This paper investigates the development and evaluation of machine translation models from Cantonese to English, where we propose a novel approach to tackle low-resource language translations. The main objectives of the study are to develop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Kung Yin Hong , Lifeng Han , Riza Batista-Navarro , Goran Nenadic

Multilingual machine translation has recently been in vogue given its potential for improving machine translation performance for low-resource languages via transfer learning. Empirical examinations demonstrating the success of existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-13 Ion Madrazo Azpiazu , Maria Soledad Pera

This paper presents an results of the VLSP 2022-2023 Machine Translation Shared Tasks, focusing on Vietnamese-Chinese and Vietnamese-Lao machine translation. The tasks were organized as part of the 9th, 10th annual workshop on Vietnamese…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Hong-Viet Tran , Minh-Quy Nguyen , Van-Vinh Nguyen

Quality estimation (QE) plays a crucial role in machine translation (MT) workflows, as it serves to evaluate generated outputs that have no reference translations and to determine whether human post-editing or full retranslation is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Assaf Siani , Anna Kernerman , Ilan Kernerman

Several recent papers claim human parity at sentence-level Machine Translation (MT), especially in high-resource languages. Thus, in response, the MT community has, in part, shifted its focus to document-level translation. Translating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Yuchen Eleanor Jiang , Tianyu Liu , Shuming Ma , Dongdong Zhang , Mrinmaya Sachan , Ryan Cotterell

Despite the progress we have recorded in the last few years in multilingual natural language processing, evaluation is typically limited to a small set of languages with available datasets which excludes a large number of low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-08 David Ifeoluwa Adelani , Hannah Liu , Xiaoyu Shen , Nikita Vassilyev , Jesujoba O. Alabi , Yanke Mao , Haonan Gao , Annie En-Shiun Lee

Conventional statistics-based methods for joint Chinese word segmentation and part-of-speech tagging (S&T) have generalization ability to recognize new words that do not appear in the training data. An undesirable side effect is that a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-05-28 Kaixu Zhang , Maosong Sun