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Federated learning (FL) is an emerging technique used to collaboratively train a global machine learning model while keeping the data localized on the user devices. The main obstacle to FL's practical implementation is the Non-Independent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-01 Hiep Nguyen , Lam Phan , Harikrishna Warrier , Yogesh Gupta

Personalized medication aims to tailor healthcare to individual patient characteristics. However, the heterogeneity of patient data across healthcare systems presents significant challenges to achieving accurate and effective personalized…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Jiechao Gao , Yuangang Li

Federated Learning (FL) of Large Language Models (LLMs) in multilingual environments presents significant challenges stemming from heterogeneous language distributions across clients and disparities in language resource availability. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Aleix Sant , Jordi Luque , Carlos Escolano

Personalized Federated Learning (PFL) aims to train customized models for clients with highly heterogeneous data distributions while preserving data privacy. Existing approaches often rely on heuristics like clustering or model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Ping Guo , Tiantian Zhang , Xi Lin , Xiang Li , Zhi-Ri Tang , Qingfu Zhang

In federated healthcare systems, Federated Class-Incremental Learning (FCIL) has emerged as a key paradigm, enabling continuous adaptive model learning among distributed clients while safeguarding data privacy. However, in practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Tiantian Wang , Xiang Xiang , Simon S. Du

Federated Learning (FL) has shown great potential as a privacy-preserving solution to learning from decentralized data that are only accessible to end devices (i.e., clients). In many scenarios, however, a large proportion of the clients…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-31 Wentai Wu , Ligang He , Weiwei Lin , Carsten Maple

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) is crucial for improving their performance on downstream tasks, but full-parameter fine-tuning (Full-FT) is computationally expensive and memory-intensive. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Longteng Zhang , Lin Zhang , Shaohuai Shi , Xiaowen Chu , Bo Li

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods, such as LoRA, offer a practical way to adapt large vision and language models to client tasks. However, this becomes particularly challenging under task-level heterogeneity in federated deployments.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yinan Zou , Md Kamran Chowdhury Shisher , Christopher G. Brinton , Vishrant Tripathi

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed framework for collaborative model training over large-scale distributed data, enabling higher performance while maintaining client data privacy. However, the nature of model aggregation at the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Ali Murad , Bo Hui , Wei-Shinn Ku

In mobile and IoT systems, Federated Learning (FL) is increasingly important for effectively using data while maintaining user privacy. One key challenge in FL is managing statistical heterogeneity, such as non-i.i.d. data, arising from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Kunda Yan , Sen Cui , Abudukelimu Wuerkaixi , Jingfeng Zhang , Bo Han , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama , Changshui Zhang

Federated learning (FL) encounters substantial challenges due to heterogeneity, leading to gradient noise, client drift, and partial client participation errors, the last of which is the most pervasive but remains insufficiently addressed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 S M Ruhul Kabir Howlader , Xiao Chen , Yifei Xie , Lu Liu

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning paradigm where multiple clients conduct local training based on their private data, then the updated models are sent to a central server for global aggregation. The practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Harsh Vardhan , Xiaofan Yu , Tajana Rosing , Arya Mazumdar

Federated learning (FL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for fine-tuning foundation models using distributed data in a privacy-preserving manner. Under limited computational resources, clients often find it more practical to fine-tune a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Yuchang Sun , Yuexiang Xie , Bolin Ding , Yaliang Li , Jun Zhang

Federated learning (FL) allows edge devices to collaboratively train models without sharing local data. As FL gains popularity, clients may need to train multiple unrelated FL models, but communication constraints limit their ability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Haoran Zhang , Zejun Gong , Zekai Li , Marie Siew , Carlee Joe-Wong , Rachid El-Azouzi

Federated learning is renowned for its efficacy in distributed model training, ensuring that users, called clients, retain data privacy by not disclosing their data to the central server that orchestrates collaborations. Most previous work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Pouya M. Ghari , Yanning Shen

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), AI model training on private data such as human sensing data is highly desired. Federated learning (FL) has emerged as a privacy-preserving distributed training framework for this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Kaile Wang , Jiannong Cao , Yu Yang , Xiaoyin Li , Yinfeng Cao

Federated learning (FL) is a widely adopted paradigm for privacy-preserving model training, but FedAvg optimise for the majority while under-serving minority clients. Existing methods such as federated multi-objective learning (FMOL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jiansheng Rao , Jiayi Li , Zhizhi Gong , Soummya Kar , Haoxuan Li

Federated Learning (FL) enables decentralized model training across clients without sharing raw data, but its performance degrades under real-world data heterogeneity. Existing methods often fail to address distribution shift across clients…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Mohan Li , Dario Fenoglio , Martin Gjoreski , Marc Langheinrich

The confluence of Federated Learning (FL) and Large Language Models (LLMs) is ushering in a new era in privacy-preserving natural language processing. However, the intensive memory requirements for fine-tuning LLMs pose significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Zhenqing Ling , Daoyuan Chen , Liuyi Yao , Yaliang Li , Ying Shen

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on resource-constrained (or weak) devices presents significant challenges due to limited resources and heterogeneous data distribution. To address the data concern, it is necessary to fine-tune LLMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Zhiwei Yao , Yang Xu , Hongli Xu , Yunming Liao , Zuan Xie