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Recommender systems assist legal professionals in finding relevant literature for supporting their case. Despite its importance for the profession, legal applications do not reflect the latest advances in recommender systems and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-29 Malte Ostendorff , Elliott Ash , Terry Ruas , Bela Gipp , Julian Moreno-Schneider , Georg Rehm

With the widespread use of mobile phones and scanners to photograph and upload documents, the need for extracting the information trapped in unstructured document images such as retail receipts, insurance claim forms and financial invoices…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Shubham Paliwal , Vishwanath D , Rohit Rahul , Monika Sharma , Lovekesh Vig

Understanding and extracting of information from large documents, such as business opportunities, academic articles, medical documents and technical reports, poses challenges not present in short documents. Such large documents may be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-10 Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman , Tim Finin

Tabular data is frequently captured in image form across a wide range of real-world scenarios such as financial reports, handwritten records, and document scans. These visual representations pose unique challenges for machine understanding,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Zhuoyan Xu , Haoyang Fang , Boran Han , Bonan Min , Bernie Wang , Cuixiong Hu , Shuai Zhang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems have revolutionized information retrieval and question answering, but traditional text-based chunking methods struggle with complex document structures, multi-page tables, embedded figures, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Vishesh Tripathi , Tanmay Odapally , Indraneel Das , Uday Allu , Biddwan Ahmed

Text-rich document understanding (TDU) requires comprehensive analysis of documents containing substantial textual content and complex layouts. While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved fast progress in this domain,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Wenhui Liao , Jiapeng Wang , Hongliang Li , Chengyu Wang , Jun Huang , Lianwen Jin

Table extraction (TE) is a key challenge in visual document understanding. Traditional approaches detect tables first, then recognize their structure. Recently, interest has surged in developing methods, such as vision-language models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Brandon Smock , Valerie Faucon-Morin , Max Sokolov , Libin Liang , Tayyibah Khanam , Amrit Ramesh , Maury Courtland

The classification of legal documents from an unstructured data corpus has several crucial applications in downstream tasks. Documents relevant to court filings are key in use cases such as drafting motions, memos, and outlines, as well as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Ishaan Gakhar , Harsh Nandwani

Document understanding tasks, in particular, Visually-rich Document Entity Retrieval (VDER), have gained significant attention in recent years thanks to their broad applications in enterprise AI. However, publicly available data have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Lijun Yu , Jin Miao , Xiaoyu Sun , Jiayi Chen , Alexander G. Hauptmann , Hanjun Dai , Wei Wei

Despite significant progress in multimodal large language models (MLLMs), their performance on complex, multi-page document comprehension remains inadequate, largely due to the lack of high-quality, document-level datasets. While current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Yuchen Duan , Zhe Chen , Yusong Hu , Weiyun Wang , Shenglong Ye , Botian Shi , Lewei Lu , Qibin Hou , Tong Lu , Hongsheng Li , Jifeng Dai , Wenhai Wang

We introduce Docling, an easy-to-use, self-contained, MIT-licensed, open-source toolkit for document conversion, that can parse several types of popular document formats into a unified, richly structured representation. It is powered by…

Extracting information from documents usually relies on natural language processing methods working on one-dimensional sequences of text. In some cases, for example, for the extraction of key information from semi-structured documents, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Oliver Bensch , Mirela Popa , Constantin Spille

Efficiently navigating and understanding academic papers is crucial for scientific progress. Traditional linear formats like PDF and HTML can cause cognitive overload and obscure a paper's hierarchical structure, making it difficult to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Zijian Zhang , Pan Chen , Fangshi Du , Runlong Ye , Oliver Huang , Michael Liut , Alán Aspuru-Guzik

The performance of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems in information retrieval is significantly influenced by the characteristics of the documents being processed. In this study, the structured nature of textbooks, the conciseness…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Esmaeil Narimissa , David Raithel

Tables have been an ever-existing structure to store data. There exist now different approaches to store tabular data physically. PDFs, images, spreadsheets, and CSVs are leading examples. Being able to parse table structures and extract…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Susie Xi Rao , Johannes Rausch , Peter Egger , Ce Zhang

Many documents, that we call templatized documents, are programmatically generated by populating fields in a visual template. Effective data extraction from these documents is crucial to supporting downstream analytical tasks. Current data…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Yiming Lin , Mawil Hasan , Rohan Kosalge , Alvin Cheung , Aditya G. Parameswaran

Background: Conducting Multi Vocal Literature Reviews (MVLRs) is often time and effort-intensive. Researchers must review and filter a large number of unstructured sources, which frequently contain sparse information and are unlikely to be…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Santiago Matalonga , Domenico Amalfitano , Jean Carlo Rossa Hauck , Martín Solari , Guilherme H. Travassos

Pool of knowledge available to the mankind depends on the source of learning resources, which can vary from ancient printed documents to present electronic material. The rapid conversion of material available in traditional libraries to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-12-25 Akmal Jahan Mac , Roshan G Ragel

This technical report introduces Docling, an easy to use, self-contained, MIT-licensed open-source package for PDF document conversion. It is powered by state-of-the-art specialized AI models for layout analysis (DocLayNet) and table…

This paper introduces CommonForms, a web-scale dataset for form field detection. It casts the problem of form field detection as object detection: given an image of a page, predict the location and type (Text Input, Choice Button,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Joe Barrow