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Despite the increasing prevalence of large language models (LLMs), we still have a limited understanding of how their representational spaces are structured. This limits our ability to interpret how and what they learn or relate them to…

Do large language models (LLMs) display rational reasoning? LLMs have been shown to contain human biases due to the data they have been trained on; whether this is reflected in rational reasoning remains less clear. In this paper, we answer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Olivia Macmillan-Scott , Mirco Musolesi

The development of highly fluent large language models (LLMs) has prompted increased interest in assessing their reasoning and problem-solving capabilities. We investigate whether several LLMs can solve a classic type of deductive reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Spencer M. Seals , Valerie L. Shalin

In the era of Large Language Models (LLMs), alignment has emerged as a fundamental yet challenging problem in the pursuit of more reliable, controllable, and capable machine intelligence. The recent success of reasoning models and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Hao Sun , Mihaela van der Schaar

Education that suits the individual learning level is necessary to improve students' understanding. The first step in achieving this purpose by using large language models (LLMs) is to adjust the textual difficulty of the response to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Seiji Gobara , Hidetaka Kamigaito , Taro Watanabe

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a groundbreaking technology with their unparalleled text generation capabilities across various applications. Nevertheless, concerns persist regarding the accuracy and appropriateness of their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Jie Huang , Xinyun Chen , Swaroop Mishra , Huaixiu Steven Zheng , Adams Wei Yu , Xinying Song , Denny Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly useful computational models of human language processing, but it remains unclear whether vision-language learning makes text representations more human-like during natural reading. Here,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Jinzhou Wu , Zhengwu Ma , Jixing Li , Baoping Tang , Zitong Lu

We formalize a structural property of the causal (autoregressive) language modeling (CLM) objective: reversal invariance. Formally, the next-token prediction loss assigns identical likelihood to a corpus and its reversal, implying that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Mihir Sahasrabudhe

Having been trained on massive pretraining data, large language models have shown excellent performance on many knowledge-intensive tasks. However, pretraining data tends to contain misleading and even conflicting information, and it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Jiahuan Li , Yiqing Cao , Shujian Huang , Jiajun Chen

This study investigates the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), specifically GPT-4, in the context of Binary Reverse Engineering (RE). Employing a structured experimental approach, we analyzed the LLM's performance in interpreting…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Saman Pordanesh , Benjamin Tan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, such as text generation and translation, among others. However, these models often generate texts that can perpetuate biases. Existing approaches to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Shaina Raza , Oluwanifemi Bamgbose , Shardul Ghuge , Fatemeh Tavakol , Deepak John Reji , Syed Raza Bashir

Large Language Models (LLMs) are recruited in applications that span from clinical assistance and legal support to question answering and education. Their success in specialized tasks has led to the claim that they possess human-like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Vittoria Dentella , Fritz Guenther , Elliot Murphy , Gary Marcus , Evelina Leivada

This paper examines a critical yet unexplored dimension of the AI alignment problem: the potential for Large Language Models (LLMs) to inherit and amplify existing misalignments between human espoused theories and theories-in-use. Drawing…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Tim Rogers , Ben Teehankee

Discriminative pre-trained language models (PLMs) learn to predict original texts from intentionally corrupted ones. Taking the former text as positive and the latter as negative samples, the PLM can be trained effectively for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao , Masao Utiyama , Eiichiro Sumita

Large Language Models (LLMs) are capable of displaying a wide range of abilities that are not directly connected with the task for which they are trained: predicting the next words of human-written texts. In this article, I review recent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Stefano Nolfi

Reverse thinking plays a crucial role in human reasoning. Humans can reason not only from a problem to a solution but also in reverse, i.e., start from the solution and reason towards the problem. This often enhances overall reasoning…

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance on a series of natural language understanding tasks. However, these LLMs might rely on dataset bias and artifacts as shortcuts for prediction. This has significantly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Mengnan Du , Fengxiang He , Na Zou , Dacheng Tao , Xia Hu

Although large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated their effectiveness in a wide range of applications, they have also been observed to perpetuate unwanted biases present in the training data, potentially leading to harm for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Schrasing Tong , Eliott Zemour , Jessica Lu , Rawisara Lohanimit , Lalana Kagal

There is considerable confusion about the role of Large Language Models (LLMs) in planning and reasoning tasks. On one side are over-optimistic claims that LLMs can indeed do these tasks with just the right prompting or self-verification…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Subbarao Kambhampati , Karthik Valmeekam , Lin Guan , Mudit Verma , Kaya Stechly , Siddhant Bhambri , Lucas Saldyt , Anil Murthy

Natural language processing (NLP) tasks tend to suffer from a paucity of suitably annotated training data, hence the recent success of transfer learning across a wide variety of them. The typical recipe involves: (i) training a deep,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Lyan Verwimp , Jerome R. Bellegarda