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Related papers: Survival of the Safest: Towards Secure Prompt Opti…

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While Large Language Models (LLMs) are aligned to mitigate risks, their safety guardrails remain fragile against jailbreak attacks. This reveals limited understanding of components governing safety. Existing methods rely on local, greedy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Fengheng Chu , Jiahao Chen , Yuhong Wang , Jun Wang , Zhihui Fu , Shouling Ji , Songze Li

While large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities across numerous applications, their robustness remains a critical concern. This paper is motivated by a specific vulnerability: the order sensitivity of LLMs. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Beni Egressy , Jan Stühmer

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in business-critical domains such as finance, education, healthcare, and customer support, where users expect consistent and reliable recommendations. Yet LLMs often exhibit variability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Sonal Prabhune , Balaji Padmanabhan , Kaushik Dutta

Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to exhibit vulnerabilities despite deliberate safety alignment efforts, posing significant risks to users and society. To safeguard against the risk of policy-violating content, system-level moderation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Jingnan Zheng , Xiangtian Ji , Yijun Lu , Chenhang Cui , Weixiang Zhao , Gelei Deng , Zhenkai Liang , An Zhang , Tat-Seng Chua

Developing AI agents powered by large language models (LLMs) faces significant challenges in achieving true Turing completeness and adaptive, code-driven evolution. Current approaches often generate code independently of its runtime…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Ming Zhu , Yi Zhou

We frame code generation as a black-box optimization problem within the code space and demonstrate how optimization-inspired techniques can enhance inference scaling. Based on this perspective, we propose SCATTERED FOREST SEARCH (SFS), a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Jonathan Light , Yue Wu , Yiyou Sun , Wenchao Yu , Yanchi liu , Xujiang Zhao , Ziniu Hu , Haifeng Chen , Wei Cheng

Preference alignment is pivotal for empowering large language models (LLMs) to generate helpful and harmless responses. However, the performance of preference alignment is highly sensitive to the prevalent noise in the preference data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Xize Liang , Chao Chen , Shuang Qiu , Jie Wang , Yue Wu , Zhihang Fu , Zhihao Shi , Feng Wu , Jieping Ye

Large Language Models (LLMs) have developed rapidly in web services, delivering unprecedented capabilities while amplifying societal risks. Existing works tend to focus on either isolated jailbreak attacks or static defenses, neglecting the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Xurui Li , Kaisong Song , Rui Zhu , Pin-Yu Chen , Haixu Tang

While recent code-specific large language models (LLMs) have greatly enhanced their code generation capabilities, the safety of these models remains under-explored, posing potential risks as insecure code generated by these models may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Xiangzhe Xu , Zian Su , Jinyao Guo , Kaiyuan Zhang , Zhenting Wang , Xiangyu Zhang

With the development of instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs), improving the safety of LLMs has become more critical. However, the current approaches for aligning the LLMs output with expected safety usually require substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Qihuang Zhong , Liang Ding , Juhua Liu , Bo Du , Dacheng Tao

Large Language Models remain vulnerable to adversarial prompts that elicit toxic content even after safety alignment. We present ToxSearch, a black-box evolutionary framework that tests model safety by evolving prompts in a synchronous…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Onkar Shelar , Travis Desell

Large Language Models (LLMs) generating unsafe responses to toxic prompts is a significant issue in their applications. While various efforts aim to address this safety concern, previous approaches often demand substantial human data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Yuxiao Lu , Arunesh Sinha , Pradeep Varakantham

This paper presents a comprehensive empirical study on the safety alignment capabilities. We evaluate what matters for safety alignment in LLMs and LRMs to provide essential insights for developing more secure and reliable AI systems. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Xing Li , Hui-Ling Zhen , Lihao Yin , Xianzhi Yu , Zhenhua Dong , Mingxuan Yuan

Natural language interfaces to structured databases are becoming increasingly common, largely due to advances in large language models (LLMs) that enable users to query data using conversational input rather than formal query languages such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Farzad Nourmohammadzadeh Motlagh , Mehrdad Hajizadeh , Mehryar Majd , Pejman Najafi , Feng Cheng , Christoph Meinel

Soft prompt tuning leverages continuous embeddings to capture task-specific information in large pre-trained language models (LLMs), achieving competitive performance in few-shot settings. However, soft prompts rely on high-dimensional,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Zhenzhen Huang , Chaoning Zhang , Haoyu Bian , Songbo Zhang , Chi-lok Andy Tai , Jiaquan Zhang , Caiyan Qin , Jingjing Qu , Yalan Ye , Yang Yang , Heng Tao Shen

Existing training-time safety alignment techniques for large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Direct preference optimization (DPO), a widely deployed alignment method, exhibits limitations in both experimental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Xuandong Zhao , Will Cai , Tianneng Shi , David Huang , Licong Lin , Song Mei , Dawn Song

Large language models (LLMs) have recently garnered significant interest. With in-context learning, LLMs achieve impressive results in various natural language tasks. However, the application of LLMs to sentence embeddings remains an area…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Ting Jiang , Shaohan Huang , Zhongzhi Luan , Deqing Wang , Fuzhen Zhuang

Evaluating the value alignment of large language models (LLMs) has traditionally relied on single-sentence adversarial prompts, which directly probe models with ethically sensitive or controversial questions. However, with the rapid…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Yazhou Zhang , Qimeng Liu , Qiuchi Li , Peng Zhang , Jing Qin

While the widespread deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) holds great potential for society, their vulnerabilities to adversarial manipulation and exploitation can pose serious safety, security, and ethical risks. As new threats…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Charankumar Akiri , Harrison Simpson , Kshitiz Aryal , Aarav Khanna , Maanak Gupta

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance across a wide range of tasks but are highly sensitive to prompt design, motivating the need for automatic prompt optimization. Existing methods predominantly focus on performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Jan Büssing , Moritz Schlager , Timo Heiß , Tom Zehle , Matthias Feurer
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