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We investigate how different compression techniques -- such as weight and activation quantization, and weight sparsity -- affect the scaling behavior of large language models (LLMs) during pretraining. Building on previous work showing that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Elias Frantar , Utku Evci , Wonpyo Park , Neil Houlsby , Dan Alistarh

Model compression has emerged as a mainstream solution to reduce memory usage and computational overhead. This paper presents Group Quantization and Sparse Acceleration (GQSA), a novel compression technique tailored for LLMs. Traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Chao Zeng , Songwei Liu , Shu Yang , Fangmin Chen , Lean Fu , Xing Mei

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive abilities in various domains while the inference cost is expensive. Many previous studies exploit quantization methods to reduce LLM inference cost by reducing latency and memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Jinhao Li , Jiaming Xu , Shiyao Li , Shan Huang , Jun Liu , Yaoxiu Lian , Guohao Dai

Large language models (LLMs) face significant computational and memory challenges, making extremely low-bit quantization crucial for their efficient deployment. In this work, we introduce SDQ-LLM: Sigma-Delta Quantization for 1-bit LLMs of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Junhao Xia , Ming Zhao , Limin Xiao , Xiujun Zhang

As large language models (LLMs) scale, model compression is crucial for edge deployment and accessibility. Weight-only quantization reduces model size but suffers from performance degradation at lower bit widths. Moreover, standard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Baohao Liao , Christian Herold , Seyyed Hadi Hashemi , Stefan Vasilev , Shahram Khadivi , Christof Monz

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in language comprehension and generation; however, their widespread adoption is constrained by substantial bandwidth and computational demands. While pruning and low-rank…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Zeliang Zong , Kai Zhang , Zheyang Li , Wenming Tan , Ye Ren , Yiyan Zhai , Jilin Hu

Current approaches for compressing the Segment Anything Model (SAM) yield commendable results, yet necessitate extensive data to train a new network from scratch. Employing conventional pruning techniques can remarkably reduce data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Zigeng Chen , Gongfan Fang , Xinyin Ma , Xinchao Wang

Recent advances in neural networks have led to significant computational and memory demands, spurring interest in one-bit weight compression to enable efficient inference on resource-constrained devices. However, the theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Danil Akhtiamov , Reza Ghane , Babak Hassibi

While the numerous parameters in Large Language Models (LLMs) contribute to their superior performance, this massive scale makes them inefficient and memory-hungry. Thus, they are hard to deploy on commodity hardware, such as one single…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Zhaozhuo Xu , Zirui Liu , Beidi Chen , Yuxin Tang , Jue Wang , Kaixiong Zhou , Xia Hu , Anshumali Shrivastava

A growing trend has emerged in designing high-quality Small Language Models (SLMs) with a few million parameters. This trend is driven by the increasing concerns over cloud costs, privacy, and latency. Considering that full parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Xuan Shen , Peiyan Dong , Zhenglun Kong , Yifan Gong , Changdi Yang , Zhaoyang Han , Yanyue Xie , Lei Lu , Cheng Lyu , Chao Wu , Yanzhi Wang , Pu Zhao

As large language models (LLMs) grow in size, efficient compression techniques like quantization and sparsification are critical. While quantization maintains performance with reduced precision, structured sparsity methods, such as N:M…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Egor Maximov , Yulia Kuzkina , Azamat Kanametov , Alexander Prutko , Aleksei Goncharov , Maxim Zhelnin , Egor Shvetsov

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) is frequently hindered by prohibitive memory and computational requirements. While quantization mitigates these bottlenecks, maintaining model fidelity in the sub-1-bit regime remains a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Banseok Lee , Dongkyu Kim , Youngcheon You , Youngmin Kim

Weight-only quantization has become a standard approach for efficiently serving large language models (LLMs). However, existing methods fail to efficiently compress models to binary (1-bit) levels, as they either require large amounts of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Hyochan Chong , Dongkyu Kim , Changdong Kim , Minseop Choi

Quantization has become one of the most effective methodologies to compress LLMs into smaller size. However, the existing quantization solutions still show limitations of either non-negligible accuracy drop or low system efficiency. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zhen Zheng , Xiaonan Song , Chuanjie Liu

Despite their remarkable achievements, modern Large Language Models (LLMs) face exorbitant computational and memory footprints. Recently, several works have shown significant success in training-free and data-free compression (pruning and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Ajay Jaiswal , Zhe Gan , Xianzhi Du , Bowen Zhang , Zhangyang Wang , Yinfei Yang

Network quantization is a dominant paradigm of model compression. However, the abrupt changes in quantized weights during training often lead to severe loss fluctuations and result in a sharp loss landscape, making the gradients unstable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Jing Liu , Jianfei Cai , Bohan Zhuang

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are used in many applications, but their large size and high computational cost make them hard to run on devices with limited resources. Two widely used techniques to address this challenge are weight…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Dan Liu , Nikita Dvornik , Xue Liu

We propose SLIM (Stochastic Learning and Inference in overidentified Models), a scalable stochastic approximation framework for nonlinear GMM. SLIM forms iterative updates from independent mini-batches of moments and their derivatives,…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-11-03 Xiaohong Chen , Min Seong Kim , Sokbae Lee , Myung Hwan Seo , Myunghyun Song

Compute-In-Memory (CIM) systems, particularly those utilizing ReRAM and memristive technologies, offer a promising path toward energy-efficient neural network computation. However, conventional quantization and compression techniques often…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Guan-Cheng Chen , Chieh-Lin Tsai , Pei-Hsuan Tsai , Yuan-Hao Chang

Quantization is a promising approach for reducing memory overhead and accelerating inference, especially in large pre-trained language model (PLM) scenarios. While having no access to original training data due to security and privacy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Miaoxi Zhu , Qihuang Zhong , Li Shen , Liang Ding , Juhua Liu , Bo Du , Dacheng Tao