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Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables an intelligent agent to optimise its performance in a task by continuously taking action from an observed state and receiving a feedback from the environment in form of rewards. RL typically uses tables…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Alberto Castagna

The emerging field of Reinforcement Learning (RL) has led to impressive results in varied domains like strategy games, robotics, etc. This handout aims to give a simple introduction to RL from control perspective and discuss three possible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Farnaz Adib Yaghmaie , Lennart Ljung

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a flexible and efficient method for programming micro-robots in complex environments. Here we investigate whether reinforcement learning can provide insights into biological systems when trained to perform…

Biological Physics · Physics 2024-04-03 Samuel Tovey , Christoph Lohrmann , Christian Holm

Many healthcare decisions involve navigating through a multitude of treatment options in a sequential and iterative manner to find an optimal treatment pathway with the goal of an optimal patient outcome. Such optimization problems may be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Elsa Riachi , Muhammad Mamdani , Michael Fralick , Frank Rudzicz

Models and games are simplified representations of the world. There are many different kinds of models, all differing in complexity and which aspect of the world they allow us to further our understanding of. In this paper we focus on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Joseph Christian G. Noel

In recent years deep reinforcement learning (RL) systems have attained superhuman performance in a number of challenging task domains. However, a major limitation of such applications is their demand for massive amounts of training data. A…

This paper formulates hypothesis verification as an RL problem. Specifically, we aim to build an agent that, given a hypothesis about the dynamics of the world, can take actions to generate observations which can help predict whether the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Kenneth Marino , Rob Fergus , Arthur Szlam , Abhinav Gupta

The diversity of tasks and dynamic nature of reinforcement learning (RL) require RL agents to be able to learn sequentially and continuously, a learning paradigm known as continuous reinforcement learning. This survey reviews how continual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Amara Zuffer , Michael Burke , Mehrtash Harandi

Finding meaningful and accurate dense rewards is a fundamental task in the field of reinforcement learning (RL) that enables agents to explore environments more efficiently. In traditional RL settings, agents learn optimal policies through…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Shuyuan Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) makes it possible to train agents capable of achieving sophisticated goals in complex and uncertain environments. A key difficulty in reinforcement learning is specifying a reward function for the agent to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-24 Bradly C. Stadie , Pieter Abbeel , Ilya Sutskever

Interest in reinforcement learning (RL) for large-scale systems, comprising extensive populations of intelligent agents interacting with heterogeneous environments, has surged significantly across diverse scientific domains in recent years.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Wei Zhang , Jr-Shin Li

Machine unlearning refers to the process of mitigating the influence of specific training data on machine learning models based on removal requests from data owners. However, one important area that has been largely overlooked in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Dayong Ye , Tianqing Zhu , Congcong Zhu , Derui Wang , Kun Gao , Zewei Shi , Sheng Shen , Wanlei Zhou , Minhui Xue

Model-free reinforcement learning based methods such as Proximal Policy Optimization, or Q-learning typically require thousands of interactions with the environment to approximate the optimum controller which may not always be feasible in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-16 Narendra Patwardhan , Zequn Wang

In real world settings, numerous constraints are present which are hard to specify mathematically. However, for the real world deployment of reinforcement learning (RL), it is critical that RL agents are aware of these constraints, so that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Usman Anwar , Shehryar Malik , Alireza Aghasi , Ali Ahmed

Reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved remarkable success in real-world decision-making across diverse domains, including gaming, robotics, online advertising, public health, and natural language processing. Despite these advances, a…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-23 Asim H. Gazi , Yongyi Guo , Daiqi Gao , Ziping Xu , Kelly W. Zhang , Susan A. Murphy

The desire to make applications and machines more intelligent and the aspiration to enable their operation without human interaction have been driving innovations in neural networks, deep learning, and other machine learning techniques.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-30 Fadi AlMahamid , Katarina Grolinger

Reinforcement learning (RL) in the real world necessitates the development of procedures that enable agents to explore without causing harm to themselves or others. The most successful solutions to the problem of safe RL leverage offline…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Alexander Quessy , Thomas Richardson , Sebastian East

In the past decade, model-free reinforcement learning (RL) has provided solutions to challenging domains such as robotics. Model-based RL shows the prospect of being more sample-efficient than model-free methods in terms of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-14 John McLeod , Hrvoje Stojic , Vincent Adam , Dongho Kim , Jordi Grau-Moya , Peter Vrancx , Felix Leibfried

Deep reinforcement learning enables algorithms to learn complex behavior, deal with continuous action spaces and find good strategies in environments with high dimensional state spaces. With deep reinforcement learning being an active area…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-17 Winfried Lötzsch

Unsupervised reinforcement learning (RL) studies how to leverage environment statistics to learn useful behaviors without the cost of reward engineering. However, a central challenge in unsupervised RL is to extract behaviors that…