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Large language models (LLMs) are commonly evaluated on tasks that test their knowledge or reasoning abilities. In this paper, we explore a different type of evaluation: whether an LLM can predict aspects of its own responses. Since LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Elon Ezra , Ariel Weizman , Amos Azaria

Large Language Models (LLMs) generate responses to questions; however, their effectiveness is often hindered by sub-optimal quality of answers and occasional failures to provide accurate responses to questions. To address these challenges,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Liang Zhang , Katherine Jijo , Spurthi Setty , Eden Chung , Fatima Javid , Natan Vidra , Tommy Clifford

Objectives: To evaluate the current limitations of large language models (LLMs) in medical question answering, focusing on the quality of datasets used for their evaluation. Materials and Methods: Widely-used benchmark datasets, including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Mahmoud Alwakeel , Aditya Nagori , Vijay Krishnamoorthy , Rishikesan Kamaleswaran

Relations such as "is influenced by", "is known for" or "is a competitor of" are inherently graded: we can rank entity pairs based on how well they satisfy these relations, but it is hard to draw a line between those pairs that satisfy them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Asahi Ushio , Jose Camacho Collados , Steven Schockaert

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in critical fields such as healthcare, education, and finance due to their remarkable proficiency in various language-related tasks. However, LLMs are prone to generating factually incorrect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Muneeswaran I , Shreya Saxena , Siva Prasad , M V Sai Prakash , Advaith Shankar , Varun V , Vishal Vaddina , Saisubramaniam Gopalakrishnan

The increasing versatility of language models (LMs) has given rise to a new class of benchmarks that comprehensively assess a broad range of capabilities. Such benchmarks are associated with massive computational costs, extending to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yotam Perlitz , Elron Bandel , Ariel Gera , Ofir Arviv , Liat Ein-Dor , Eyal Shnarch , Noam Slonim , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer , Leshem Choshen

Prompt optimization algorithms for Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in multi-step reasoning but still lack effective uncertainty estimation. This paper introduces a benchmark dataset to evaluate uncertainty metrics, focusing on Answer,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Pei-Fu Guo , Yun-Da Tsai , Shou-De Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate factually inaccurate content even if they have corresponding knowledge, which critically undermines their reliability. Existing approaches attempt to mitigate this by incorporating uncertainty in QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Xiaoning Dong , Chengyan Wu , Yajie Wen , Yu Chen , Yun Xue , Jing Zhang , Wei Xu , Bolei Ma

Large language models (LLMs) are known to be trained on vast amounts of data, which may unintentionally or intentionally include data from commonly used benchmarks. This inclusion can lead to cheatingly high scores on model leaderboards,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Huixuan Zhang , Yun Lin , Xiaojun Wan

The evaluation of large language models (LLMs) via benchmarks is widespread, yet inconsistencies between different leaderboards and poor separability among top models raise concerns about their ability to accurately reflect authentic model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Hongli Zhou , Hui Huang , Ziqing Zhao , Lvyuan Han , Huicheng Wang , Kehai Chen , Muyun Yang , Wei Bao , Jian Dong , Bing Xu , Conghui Zhu , Hailong Cao , Tiejun Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in financial research workflows, where their role is evolving from single-model assistance for human analysts toward autonomous collaboration among multiple agents. Yet real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yiyun Zhu , Yidong Jiang , Ziwen Xu , Yinsheng Yao , Dawei Cheng , Jinru Ding , Jie Xu

Question-answering (QA) and reading comprehension (RC) benchmarks are commonly used for assessing the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) to retrieve and reproduce knowledge. However, we demonstrate that popular QA and RC…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Angelie Kraft , Judith Simon , Sonja Schimmler

Collecting labeled datasets in finance is challenging due to scarcity of domain experts and higher cost of employing them. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in data annotation tasks on general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Toyin Aguda , Suchetha Siddagangappa , Elena Kochkina , Simerjot Kaur , Dongsheng Wang , Charese Smiley , Sameena Shah

Assessing factuality of text generated by large language models (LLMs) is an emerging yet crucial research area, aimed at alerting users to potential errors and guiding the development of more reliable LLMs. Nonetheless, the evaluators…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Shiqi Chen , Yiran Zhao , Jinghan Zhang , I-Chun Chern , Siyang Gao , Pengfei Liu , Junxian He

Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen great advance in both academia and industry, and their popularity results in numerous open-source frameworks and techniques in accelerating LLM pre-training, fine-tuning, and inference. Training and…

Performance · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Longteng Zhang , Xiang Liu , Zeyu Li , Xinglin Pan , Peijie Dong , Ruibo Fan , Rui Guo , Xin Wang , Qiong Luo , Shaohuai Shi , Xiaowen Chu

Despite demonstrating impressive capabilities, Large Language Models (LLMs) still often struggle to accurately express the factual knowledge they possess, especially in cases where the LLMs' knowledge boundaries are ambiguous. To improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Boyang Xue , Fei Mi , Qi Zhu , Hongru Wang , Rui Wang , Sheng Wang , Erxin Yu , Xuming Hu , Kam-Fai Wong

Large Language Model (LLM) evaluation is currently one of the most important areas of research, with existing benchmarks proving to be insufficient and not completely representative of LLMs' various capabilities. We present a curated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Aisha Khatun , Daniel G. Brown

Large Language Models (LLMs) have proven efficient in giving definition-type answers to user input queries. While for humans giving various types of answers, such as examples and paraphrases, is an easy task, LLMs struggle to provide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Ioana Buhnila , Aman Sinha , Mathieu Constant

While Large Language Models have transformed how we interact with AI systems, they suffer from a critical flaw: they confidently generate false information that sounds entirely plausible. This hallucination problem has become a major…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Piyushkumar Patel

Large language models (LLMs) have enabled a range of applications in zero-shot and few-shot learning settings, including the generation of synthetic datasets for training and testing. However, to reliably use these synthetic datasets, it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Gaurav Maheshwari , Dmitry Ivanov , Kevin El Haddad
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