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Multi-modal Chain-of-Thought (MCoT) requires models to leverage knowledge from both textual and visual modalities for step-by-step reasoning, which gains increasing attention. Nevertheless, the current MCoT benchmark still faces some…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Qiguang Chen , Libo Qin , Jin Zhang , Zhi Chen , Xiao Xu , Wanxiang Che

Hate speech online targets individuals or groups based on identity attributes and spreads rapidly, posing serious social risks. Memes, which combine images and text, have emerged as a nuanced vehicle for disseminating hate speech, often…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Rui Xing , Qi Chai , Jie Ma , Jing Tao , Pinghui Wang , Shuming Zhang , Xinping Wang , Hao Wang

Memes have become a dominant form of communication in social media in recent years. Memes are typically humorous and harmless, however there are also memes that promote hate speech, being in this way harmful to individuals and groups based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Maria Tzelepi , Vasileios Mezaris

Hateful meme detection presents a significant challenge as a multimodal task due to the complexity of interpreting implicit hate messages and contextual cues within memes. Previous approaches have fine-tuned pre-trained vision-language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Ming Shan Hee , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

An increasingly common expression of online hate speech is multimodal in nature and comes in the form of memes. Designing systems to automatically detect hateful content is of paramount importance if we are to mitigate its undesirable…

Internet memes have become a dominant method of communication; at the same time, however, they are also increasingly being used to advocate extremism and foster derogatory beliefs. Nonetheless, we do not have a firm understanding as to…

Memes are popular in the modern world and are distributed primarily for entertainment. However, harmful ideologies such as misogyny can be propagated through innocent-looking memes. The detection and understanding of why a meme is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Kushal Kanwar , Dushyant Singh Chauhan , Gopendra Vikram Singh , Asif Ekbal

As a multimodal medium combining images and text, memes frequently convey implicit harmful content through metaphors and humor, rendering the detection of harmful memes a complex and challenging task. Although recent studies have made…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Hexiang Gu , Qifan Yu , Yuan Liu , Zikang Li , Saihui Hou , Jian Zhao , Zhaofeng He

Memes act as cryptic tools for sharing sensitive ideas, often requiring contextual knowledge to interpret. This makes moderating multimodal memes challenging, as existing works either lack high-quality datasets on nuanced hate categories or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Palash Nandi , Shivam Sharma , Tanmoy Chakraborty

A substantial portion of offensive content on social media is directed towards women. Since the approaches for general offensive content detection face a challenge in detecting misogynistic content, it requires solutions tailored to address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Mohammad Zia Ur Rehman , Sufyaan Zahoor , Areeb Manzoor , Musharaf Maqbool , Nagendra Kumar

Memes are used for spreading ideas through social networks. Although most memes are created for humor, some memes become hateful under the combination of pictures and text. Automatically detecting the hateful memes can help reduce their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Yi Zhou , Zhenhao Chen

Multimodal Chain of Thought (MCoT) is a popular prompting strategy for improving the performance of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) across a range of complex reasoning tasks. Despite its popularity, there is a notable absence of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Xiongtao Zhou , Jie He , Lanyu Chen , Jingyu Li , Haojing Chen , Víctor Gutiérrez-Basulto , Jeff Z. Pan , Hanjie Chen

In the current context where online platforms have been effectively weaponized in a variety of geo-political events and social issues, Internet memes make fair content moderation at scale even more difficult. Existing work on meme…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Abhinav Kumar Thakur , Filip Ilievski , Hông-Ân Sandlin , Zhivar Sourati , Luca Luceri , Riccardo Tommasini , Alain Mermoud

The detection of offensive, hateful content on social media is a challenging problem that affects many online users on a daily basis. Hateful content is often used to target a group of people based on ethnicity, gender, religion and other…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-14 Sherzod Hakimov , Gullal S. Cheema , Ralph Ewerth

Hateful and offensive content detection has been extensively explored in a single modality such as text. However, such toxic information could also be communicated via multimodal content such as online memes. Therefore, detecting multimodal…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Rui Cao , Ziqing Fan , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Wen-Haw Chong , Jing Jiang

By extending the advantage of chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning in human-like step-by-step processes to multimodal contexts, multimodal CoT (MCoT) reasoning has recently garnered significant research attention, especially in the integration…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Yaoting Wang , Shengqiong Wu , Yuecheng Zhang , Shuicheng Yan , Ziwei Liu , Jiebo Luo , Hao Fei

Hateful memes often require compositional multimodal reasoning: the image and text may appear benign in isolation, yet their interaction conveys harmful intent. Although thinking-based multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have recently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Mohamed Bayan Kmainasi , Mucahid Kutlu , Ali Ezzat Shahroor , Abul Hasnat , Firoj Alam

With the remarkable success of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) in perception tasks, enhancing their complex reasoning capabilities has emerged as a critical research focus. Existing models still suffer from challenges such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Wenxin Zhu , Andong Chen , Yuchen Song , Kehai Chen , Conghui Zhu , Ziyan Chen , Tiejun Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance on complex reasoning by leveraging chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting to generate intermediate reasoning chains as the rationale to infer the answer. However, existing CoT studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Zhuosheng Zhang , Aston Zhang , Mu Li , Hai Zhao , George Karypis , Alex Smola

Memes are widely used for humor and cultural commentary, but they are increasingly exploited to spread hateful content. Due to their multimodal nature, hateful memes often evade traditional text-only or image-only detection systems,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Ali Anaissi , Junaid Akram , Kunal Chaturvedi , Ali Braytee
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