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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional proficiency in instruction-following, becoming increasingly crucial across various applications. However, this capability brings with it the risk of prompt injection attacks, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Zekun Li , Baolin Peng , Pengcheng He , Xifeng Yan

Today's LLMs are susceptible to prompt injections, jailbreaks, and other attacks that allow adversaries to overwrite a model's original instructions with their own malicious prompts. In this work, we argue that one of the primary…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Eric Wallace , Kai Xiao , Reimar Leike , Lilian Weng , Johannes Heidecke , Alex Beutel

As large language model (LLM) based systems take on high-stakes roles in real-world decision-making, they must reconcile competing instructions from multiple sources (e.g., model developers, users, and tools) within a single prompt context.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Zishuo Zheng , Vidhisha Balachandran , Chan Young Park , Faeze Brahman , Sachin Kumar

Prompt injection attacks are a critical security vulnerability in large language models (LLMs), allowing attackers to hijack model behavior by injecting malicious instructions within the input context. Recent defense mechanisms have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Sanjay Kariyappa , G. Edward Suh

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming a popular tool as they have significantly advanced in their capability to tackle a wide range of language-based tasks. However, LLMs applications are highly vulnerable to prompt injection attacks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Md Abdur Rahman , Fan Wu , Alfredo Cuzzocrea , Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed with hierarchical instruction schemes, where certain instructions (e.g., system-level directives) are expected to take precedence over others (e.g., user messages). Yet, we lack a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Yilin Geng , Haonan Li , Honglin Mu , Xudong Han , Timothy Baldwin , Omri Abend , Eduard Hovy , Lea Frermann

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance and have come to dominate the field of natural language processing (NLP) across various tasks. However, due to their strong instruction-following capabilities and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yulin Chen , Haoran Li , Yuan Sui , Yue Liu , Yufei He , Xiaoling Bai , Chi Fei , Yabo Li , Haozhe Ma , Yangqiu Song , Bryan Hooi

Instruction data is crucial for improving the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to align with human-level performance. Recent research LIMA demonstrates that alignment is essentially a process where the model adapts instructions'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Yiwei Li , Jiayi Shi , Shaoxiong Feng , Peiwen Yuan , Xinglin Wang , Boyuan Pan , Heda Wang , Yao Hu , Kan Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in intelligent systems that perform reasoning, summarization, and code generation. Their ability to follow natural-language instructions, while powerful, also makes them vulnerable to a new…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Daniyal Ganiuly , Assel Smaiyl

The instruction hierarchy, which establishes a priority order from system messages to user messages, conversation history, and tool outputs, is essential for ensuring consistent and safe behavior in language models (LMs). Despite its…

Despite their remarkable performance, large language models lack elementary safety features, making them susceptible to numerous malicious attacks. In particular, previous work has identified the absence of an intrinsic separation between…

The adoption of large language models (LLMs) in many applications, from customer service chat bots and software development assistants to more capable agentic systems necessitates research into how to secure these systems. Attacks like…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Erick Galinkin , Martin Sablotny

Given the impressive capabilities of recent Large Language Models (LLMs), we investigate and benchmark the most popular proprietary and different sized open source models on the task of explicit instruction following in conflicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Edward Kim

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in modern software systems, interfacing between the user and the Internet to assist with tasks that require advanced language understanding. To accomplish these tasks, the LLM…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Sizhe Chen , Arman Zharmagambetov , Saeed Mahloujifar , Kamalika Chaudhuri , David Wagner , Chuan Guo

Despite the fact that large language models (LLMs) show exceptional skill in instruction following tasks, this strength can turn into a vulnerability when the models are required to disregard certain instructions. Instruction-following…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yerin Hwang , Yongil Kim , Jahyun Koo , Taegwan Kang , Hyunkyung Bae , Kyomin Jung

Instruction tuning plays a crucial role in shaping the outputs of language models (LMs) to desired styles. In this work, we propose a simple yet effective method, Instruction Modelling (IM), which trains LMs by applying a loss function to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Zhengyan Shi , Adam X. Yang , Bin Wu , Laurence Aitchison , Emine Yilmaz , Aldo Lipani

Considerable research efforts have been devoted to ensuring that large language models (LLMs) align with human values and generate safe text. However, an excessive focus on sensitivity to certain topics can compromise the model's robustness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Huachuan Qiu , Shuai Zhang , Anqi Li , Hongliang He , Zhenzhong Lan

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being increasingly explored as general-purpose tools for recommendation tasks, enabling zero-shot and instruction-following capabilities without the need for task-specific training. While the research…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Ethan Bito , Yongli Ren , Estrid He

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in real-world applications. The capability of in-context learning (ICL) allows us to adapt an LLM to downstream tasks by including input-label exemplars in the prompt without…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Zhaoxuan Wu , Xiaoqiang Lin , Zhongxiang Dai , Wenyang Hu , Yao Shu , See-Kiong Ng , Patrick Jaillet , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

This study systematically analyzes the vulnerability of 36 large language models (LLMs) to various prompt injection attacks, a technique that leverages carefully crafted prompts to elicit malicious LLM behavior. Across 144 prompt injection…

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