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We present a stack model for breaking down the complexity of entanglement-based quantum networks. More specifically, we focus on the structures and architectures of quantum networks and not on concrete physical implementations of network…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-27 A. Pirker , W. Dür

The second quantum revolution brings with it the promise of a quantum internet. As the first quantum network hardware prototypes near completion new challenges emerge. A functional network is more than just the physical hardware, yet work…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Wojciech Kozlowski , Axel Dahlberg , Stephanie Wehner

We define a multilayer optimization method for the quantum Internet. Multilayer optimization integrates separate procedures for the optimization of the quantum layer and the classical layer of the quantum Internet. The multilayer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-24 Laszlo Gyongyosi , Sandor Imre

Quantum networks rely on both quantum and classical channels for coordinated operation. Current architectures employ entanglement distribution and key exchange over quantum channels but often assume that classical communication is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Xin Jin , Nitish Kumar Chandra , Mohadeseh Azari , Kaushik P. Seshadreesan , Junyu Liu

Near-term quantum networks face a bottleneck due to low quantum communication rates. This degrades performance both by lowering operating speeds and increasing qubit storage time in noisy memories, making some quantum internet applications…

We investigate the classical and quantum networking regimes of the butterfly network and a group of larger networks constructed with butterfly network blocks. By considering simultaneous multicasts from a set of senders to a set of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-03 Kieran N. Wilkinson , Thomas P. W. Cope , Stefano Pirandola

The development of a future, global quantum communication network (or quantum internet) will enable high rate private communication and entanglement distribution over very long distances. However, the large-scale performance of ground-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-29 Cillian Harney , Stefano Pirandola

Quantum computers are emerging as a viable alternative to tackle certain computational problems that are challenging for classical computers. With the rapid development of quantum hardware such as those based on trapped ions, there is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-07 Saikat Ray Majumder , Annarita Giani , Weiwei Shen , Bogdan Neculaes , Daiwei Zhu , Sonika Johri

Quantum Teleportation is the key communication functionality of the Quantum Internet, allowing the "transmission' of qubits without either the physical transfer of the particle storing the qubit or the violation of the quantum mechanical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-12 Angela Sara Cacciapuoti , Marcello Caleffi , Rodney Van Meter , Lajos Hanzo

To realize a global quantum Internet, there is a need for communication between quantum subnetworks. To accomplish this task, there have been multiple design proposals for a quantum backbone network and quantum subnetworks. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-31 Francesco Vista , Daniel Holme , Stephen DiAdamo

The complexity of large-scale 6G-and-beyond networks demands innovative approaches for multi-objective optimization over vast search spaces, a task often intractable. Quantum computing (QC) emerges as a promising technology for efficient…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Sebastian Macaluso , Giovanni Geraci , Elías F. Combarro , Sergi Abadal , Ioannis Arapakis , Sofia Vallecorsa , Eduard Alarcón

We introduce a new concept of Quantum Wrapper Networking, which enables control, management, and operation of quantum networks that can co-exist with classical networks while keeping the requirements for quantum networks intact. The quantum…

In order to broaden the adoption of highly-demanded quantum functionalities such as QKD, there is a need for having quantum signals coexist with classical traffic over the same physical medium, typically optical fibers in already-deployed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-29 Cédric Ware , Mounia Lourdiane

Recent progress in applying complex network theory to problems in quantum information has resulted in a beneficial crossover. Complex network methods have successfully been applied to transport and entanglement models while information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-22 Jacob Biamonte , Mauro Faccin , Manlio De Domenico

Quantum resources, such as entanglement or quantum communication, offer significant communication advantages in information processing. We develop an operational framework for realizing these communication advantages in resource-constrained…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Brian Doolittle , Felix Leditzky , Eric Chitambar

This paper considers a problem of quantum communication between parties that are connected through a network of quantum channels. The model in this paper assumes that there is no prior entanglement shared among any of the parties, but that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-30 Hirotada Kobayashi , Francois Le Gall , Harumichi Nishimura , Martin Roetteler

Reliable and efficient functioning of a quantum network depends on identifying and mitigating security risks originating from within and outside the network. We aim to construct a comprehensive framework for developing and assessing secure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-30 Salini Karuvade , Barry C. Sanders

Quantum networks illustrate the use of connected nodes of quantum systems as the backbone of distributed quantum information processing. When the network nodes are entangled in graph states, such a quantum platform is indispensable to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-12 He Lu , Chien-Ying Huang , Zheng-Da Li , Xu-Fei Yin , Rui Zhang , Teh-Lu Liao , Yu-Ao Chen , Che-Ming Li , Jian-Wei Pan

Quantum physics is known to allow for completely new ways to create, manipulate and store information. Quantum communication - the ability to transmit quantum information - is a primitive necessary for any quantum internet. At its core,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-19 W. J. Munro , A. M. Stephens , S. J. Devitt , K. A. Harrison , Kae Nemoto

The evolution of quantum computing technologies has been advancing at a steady pace in the recent years, and the current trend suggests that it will become available at scale for commercial purposes in the near future. The acceleration can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-29 Claudio Cicconetti , Marco Conti , Andrea Passarella