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Intelligent tutoring systems have long enabled automated immediate feedback on student work when it is presented in a tightly structured format and when problems are very constrained, but reliably assessing free-form mathematical reasoning…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Aron Gohr , Marie-Amelie Lawn , Kevin Gao , Inigo Serjeant , Stephen Heslip

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on several tasks and are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. However, especially in high-stakes settings, it becomes vital to know when the output of an LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Yu-Neng Chuang , Prathusha Kameswara Sarma , Parikshit Gopalan , John Boccio , Sara Bolouki , Xia Hu , Helen Zhou

Providing feedback on programming assignments manually is a tedious, error prone, and time-consuming task. In this paper, we motivate and address the problem of generating feedback on performance aspects in introductory programming…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2014-09-18 Sumit Gulwani , Ivan Radiček , Florian Zuleger

Large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly capable of following instructions and complex reasoning, making prompting a flexible interface for adapting models without parameter updates. Yet prompt design remains labor-intensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Farima Fatahi Bayat , Moin Aminnaseri , Pouya Pezeshkpour , Estevam Hruschka

In the context of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing education, LLM-as-a-tutor can assist students by providing real-time feedback on their essays. However, challenges arise in assessing LLM-as-a-tutor due to differing standards…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Jieun Han , Haneul Yoo , Junho Myung , Minsun Kim , Hyunseung Lim , Yoonsu Kim , Tak Yeon Lee , Hwajung Hong , Juho Kim , So-Yeon Ahn , Alice Oh

Teaching large language models (LLMs) to critique and refine their outputs is crucial for building systems that can iteratively improve, yet it is fundamentally limited by the ability to provide accurate judgments and actionable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Zhihui Xie , Jie Chen , Liyu Chen , Weichao Mao , Jingjing Xu , Lingpeng Kong

This study illustrates how incorporating feedback-oriented annotations into the scoring pipeline can enhance the accuracy of automated essay scoring (AES). This approach is demonstrated with the Persuasive Essays for Rating, Selecting, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Christopher Ormerod

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to growing interest in using synthetic data to train future models. However, this creates a self-consuming retraining loop, where models are trained on their own outputs and may…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Yaxuan Wang , Zhongteng Cai , Yujia Bao , Xueru Zhang , Yang Liu

Self-reflection on learning experiences constitutes a fundamental cognitive process, essential for the consolidation of knowledge and the enhancement of learning efficacy. However, traditional methods to facilitate reflection often face…

With the advancement in generative language models, the selection of prompts has gained significant attention in recent years. A prompt is an instruction or description provided by the user, serving as a guide for the generative language…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-21 Haoting Zhang , Jinghai He , Rhonda Righter , Zeyu Zheng

Although current state-of-the-art language models have achieved impressive results in numerous natural language processing tasks, still they could not solve the problem of producing repetitive, dull and sometimes inconsistent text in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-10 An Nguyen

Prompt quality plays a critical role in the performance of large language models (LLMs), motivating a growing body of work on prompt optimization. Most existing methods optimize prompts over a fixed dataset, assuming static input…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Yaoning Yu , Ye Yu , Peiyan Zhang , Kai Wei , Haojing Luo , Haohan Wang

We present a new method for automatically providing feedback for introductory programming problems. In order to use this method, we need a reference implementation of the assignment, and an error model consisting of potential corrections to…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2012-11-19 Rishabh Singh , Sumit Gulwani , Armando Solar-Lezama

Language models (LMs) now excel at many tasks such as few-shot learning, question answering, reasoning, and dialog. However, they sometimes generate unsupported or misleading content. A user cannot easily determine whether their outputs are…

Language models (LMs) have recently shown remarkable performance on reasoning tasks by explicitly generating intermediate inferences, e.g., chain-of-thought prompting. However, these intermediate inference steps may be inappropriate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Debjit Paul , Mete Ismayilzada , Maxime Peyrard , Beatriz Borges , Antoine Bosselut , Robert West , Boi Faltings

Offline imitation learning (offline IL) enables training effective policies without requiring explicit reward annotations. Recent approaches attempt to estimate rewards for unlabeled datasets using a small set of expert demonstrations.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Shengjie Sun , Jiafei Lyu , Runze Liu , Mengbei Yan , Bo Liu , Deheng Ye , Xiu Li

We present Expos\'ia, the first public dataset that connects writing and feedback in higher education, enabling research on educationally grounded computational approaches to teaching and evaluating academic writing. Expos\'ia includes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Dennis Zyska , Alla Rozovskaya , Ilia Kuznetsov , Iryna Gurevych

LLM-based Automatic Prompt Optimization, which typically utilizes LLMs as Prompt Optimizers to self-reflect and refine prompts, has shown promising performance in recent studies. Despite the success, the underlying mechanism of this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Ruotian Ma , Xiaolei Wang , Xin Zhou , Jian Li , Nan Du , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

In this paper, we propose a simple yet efficient approach based on prompt engineering that leverages the large language model itself to optimize its answers without relying on auxiliary models. We introduce an iterative self-evaluating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Tianqiang Yan , Tiansheng Xu

The dream of achieving a student-teacher ratio of 1:1 is closer than ever thanks to the emergence of large language models (LLMs). One potential application of these models in the educational field would be to provide feedback to students…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Marc Ballestero-Ribó , Daniel Ortiz-Martínez