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In the rapidly evolving field of quantum computing, quantifying circuit complexity remains a critical challenge. This paper introduces Character Complexity, a novel measure that bridges Group-theoretic concepts with practical quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-19 Daksh Shami

Neural networks have achieved remarkable success across various fields. However, the lack of interpretability limits their practical use, particularly in critical decision-making scenarios. Post-hoc interpretability, which provides…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Yang Ji , Ying Sun , Yuting Zhang , Zhigaoyuan Wang , Yuanxin Zhuang , Zheng Gong , Dazhong Shen , Chuan Qin , Hengshu Zhu , Hui Xiong

Parameterized quantum circuits play an essential role in the performance of many variational hybrid quantum-classical (HQC) algorithms. One challenge in implementing such algorithms is to choose an effective circuit that well represents the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-15 Sukin Sim , Peter D. Johnson , Alan Aspuru-Guzik

With the rise of deep neural networks, the challenge of explaining the predictions of these networks has become increasingly recognized. While many methods for explaining the decisions of deep neural networks exist, there is currently no…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Ian E. Nielsen , Dimah Dera , Ghulam Rasool , Nidhal Bouaynaya , Ravi P. Ramachandran

The rapid evolution of machine learning (ML) has led to the widespread adoption of complex "black box" models, such as deep neural networks and ensemble methods. These models exhibit exceptional predictive performance, making them…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Moncef Garouani , Josiane Mothe , Ayah Barhrhouj , Julien Aligon

Developing robust and interpretable vision systems is a crucial step towards trustworthy artificial intelligence. In this regard, a promising paradigm considers embedding task-required invariant structures, e.g., geometric invariance, in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Shuren Qi , Yushu Zhang , Chao Wang , Zhihua Xia , Xiaochun Cao , Jian Weng

Machine Learning has been successfully applied in systems applications such as memory prefetching and caching, where learned models have been shown to outperform heuristics. However, the lack of understanding the inner workings of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-14 Leon Sixt , Evan Zheran Liu , Marie Pellat , James Wexler , Milad Hashemi , Been Kim , Martin Maas

We revisit the fundamentals of Circuit Complexity and the nature of efficient computation from a fresh perspective. We present a framework for understanding Circuit Complexity through the lens of Information Theory with analogies to results…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Luke Tonon

When explaining the decisions of deep neural networks, simple stories are tempting but dangerous. Especially in computer vision, the most popular explanation approaches give a false sense of comprehension to its users and provide an overly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Matthias Kirchler , Martin Graf , Marius Kloft , Christoph Lippert

An essential goal in mechanistic interpretability to decode a network, i.e., to convert a neural network's raw weights to an interpretable algorithm. Given the difficulty of the decoding problem, progress has been made to understand the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Isaac Liao , Ziming Liu , Max Tegmark

Interpretability methods are valuable only if their explanations faithfully describe the explained model. In this work, we consider neural networks whose predictions are invariant under a specific symmetry group. This includes popular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Jonathan Crabbé , Mihaela van der Schaar

A wide variety of model explanation approaches have been proposed in recent years, all guided by very different rationales and heuristics. In this paper, we take a new route and cast interpretability as a statistical inference problem. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Hugo Henri Joseph Senetaire , Damien Garreau , Jes Frellsen , Pierre-Alexandre Mattei

The concept of causal abstraction got recently popularised to demystify the opaque decision-making processes of machine learning models; in short, a neural network can be abstracted as a higher-level algorithm if there exists a function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Denis Sutter , Julian Minder , Thomas Hofmann , Tiago Pimentel

The pursuit of interpretable artificial intelligence has led to significant advancements in the development of methods that aim to explain the decision-making processes of complex models, such as deep learning systems. Among these methods,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Yihao Zhang

In recent years, much of the research on clustering algorithms has primarily focused on enhancing their accuracy and efficiency, frequently at the expense of interpretability. However, as these methods are increasingly being applied in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Lianyu Hu , Mudi Jiang , Junjie Dong , Xinying Liu , Zengyou He

Machine learning solutions for pattern classification problems are nowadays widely deployed in society and industry. However, the lack of transparency and accountability of most accurate models often hinders their safe use. Thus, there is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Gonzalo Nápoles , Yamisleydi Salgueiro , Isel Grau , Maikel Leon Espinosa

In this review, we examine the problem of designing interpretable and explainable machine learning models. Interpretability and explainability lie at the core of many machine learning and statistical applications in medicine, economics,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Ričards Marcinkevičs , Julia E. Vogt

Computational modeling plays an increasingly important role in neuroscience, highlighting the philosophical question of how computational models explain. In the context of neural network models for neuroscience, concerns have been raised…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-04-15 Rosa Cao , Daniel Yamins

Machine learning models have had discernible achievements in a myriad of applications. However, most of these models are black-boxes, and it is obscure how the decisions are made by them. This makes the models unreliable and untrustworthy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-23 Raha Moraffah , Mansooreh Karami , Ruocheng Guo , Adrienne Raglin , Huan Liu

Mechanistic Interpretability (MI) aims to reverse-engineer model behaviors by identifying functional sub-networks. Yet, the scientific validity of these findings depends on their stability. In this work, we argue that circuit discovery is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Maxime Méloux , François Portet , Maxime Peyrard