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Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, i.e., finding test samples derived from a different distribution than the training set, as well as reasoning about such samples (OOD reasoning), are necessary to ensure the safety of results generated by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Zahra Rahiminasab , Michael Yuhas , Arvind Easwaran

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection plays a crucial role in ensuring the robustness and reliability of machine learning systems deployed in real-world applications. Recent approaches have explored the use of unlabeled data, showing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Momin Abbas , Ali Falahati , Hossein Goli , Mohammad Mohammadi Amiri

Existing out-of-distribution (OOD) detection literature clearly defines semantic shift as a sign of OOD but does not have a consensus over covariate shift. Samples experiencing covariate shift but not semantic shift are either excluded from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Jingkang Yang , Kaiyang Zhou , Ziwei Liu

Software vulnerabilities (SVs) have become a common, serious, and crucial concern to safety-critical security systems. That leads to significant progress in the use of AI-based methods for software vulnerability detection (SVD). In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Van Nguyen , Xingliang Yuan , Tingmin Wu , Surya Nepal , Marthie Grobler , Carsten Rudolph

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for ensuring the reliability and safety of deep neural networks in real-world scenarios. Different from most previous OOD detection methods that focus on designing OOD scores or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Yao Zhu , YueFeng Chen , Chuanlong Xie , Xiaodan Li , Rong Zhang , Hui Xue , Xiang Tian , bolun zheng , Yaowu Chen

Deep neural networks have attained remarkable performance when applied to data that comes from the same distribution as that of the training set, but can significantly degrade otherwise. Therefore, detecting whether an example is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Yen-Chang Hsu , Yilin Shen , Hongxia Jin , Zsolt Kira

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization is challenging because distribution shifts come in many forms. Numerous algorithms exist to address specific settings, but choosing the right training algorithm for the right dataset without trial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Liangze Jiang , Damien Teney

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is critical for safe deployment; however, existing detectors often struggle to generalize across datasets of varying scales and model architectures, and some can incur high computational costs in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Litian Liu , Yao Qin

Unsupervised out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify out-of-domain data by learning only from unlabeled In-Distribution (ID) training samples, which is crucial for developing a safe real-world machine learning system. Current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ying Yang , De Cheng , Chaowei Fang , Yubiao Wang , Changzhe Jiao , Lechao Cheng , Nannan Wang

State-of-the-art Object Detection (OD) methods predominantly operate under a closed-world assumption, where test-time categories match those encountered during training. However, detecting and localizing unknown objects is crucial for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Daniel Montoya , Aymen Bouguerra , Alexandra Gomez-Villa , Fabio Arnez

Most classification and segmentation datasets assume a closed-world scenario in which predictions are expressed as distribution over a predetermined set of visual classes. However, such assumption implies unavoidable and often unnoticeable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Petra Bevandić , Ivan Krešo , Marin Oršić , Siniša Šegvić

While deep learning demonstrates its strong ability to handle independent and identically distributed (IID) data, it often suffers from out-of-distribution (OoD) generalization, where the test data come from another distribution (w.r.t. the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Haoyue Bai , Rui Sun , Lanqing Hong , Fengwei Zhou , Nanyang Ye , Han-Jia Ye , S. -H. Gary Chan , Zhenguo Li

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is a central challenge for safely deploying machine learning models in the real world. Existing solutions are mainly driven by small datasets, with low resolution and very few class labels (e.g.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-06 Rui Huang , Yixuan Li

Deep neural networks (DNNs) perform well at classifying inputs associated with the classes they have been trained on, which are known as in distribution inputs. However, out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs pose a great challenge to DNNs and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Guy Amit , Moshe Levy , Ishai Rosenberg , Asaf Shabtai , Yuval Elovici

There is an increasing need to determine whether inputs are out-of-distribution (\emph{OOD}) for safely deploying machine learning models in the open world scenario. Typical neural classifiers are based on the closed world assumption, where…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-15 Sen Pei , Xin Zhang , Bin Fan , Gaofeng Meng

Unsupervised Anomaly detection (AD) requires building a notion of normalcy, distinguishing in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD) data, using only available ID samples. Recently, large gains were made on this task for the domain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Mohamed Yousef , Marcel Ackermann , Unmesh Kurup , Tom Bishop

Semantically coherent out-of-distribution detection (SCOOD) is a recently proposed realistic OOD detection setting: given labeled in-distribution (ID) data and mixed in-distribution and out-of-distribution unlabeled data as the training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Zhimao Peng , Enguang Wang , Xialei Liu , Ming-Ming Cheng

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the safety and reliability of artificial intelligence algorithms, especially in the medical domain. In the context of the Medical OOD (MOOD) detection challenge 2023, we propose a pipeline…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Evi M. C. Huijben , Sina Amirrajab , Josien P. W. Pluim

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task in machine learning, particularly for safety-critical applications where unexpected inputs must be reliably flagged. While hierarchical variational autoencoders (HVAEs) offer improved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Dane Williamson , Yangfeng Ji , Matthew Dwyer

Accurate and explainable out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is required to use machine learning systems safely. Previous work has shown that feature distance to decision boundaries can be used to identify OOD data effectively. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Maria Stoica , Francesco Leofante , Alessio Lomuscio