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Phishing attacks are one of the most common social engineering attacks targeting users emails to fraudulently steal confidential and sensitive information. They can be used as a part of more massive attacks launched to gain a foothold in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-27 Fatima Salahdine , Zakaria El Mrabet , Naima Kaabouch

This work introduces Cyri, an AI-powered conversational assistant designed to support a human user in detecting and analyzing phishing emails by leveraging Large Language Models. Cyri has been designed to scrutinize emails for semantic…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Antonio La Torre , Marco Angelini

Phishing attacks continue to evolve, with cloaking techniques posing a significant challenge to detection efforts. Cloaking allows attackers to display phishing sites only to specific users while presenting legitimate pages to security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Hiroki Nakano , Takashi Koide , Daiki Chiba

Phishing emails exhibit some unique psychological traits which are not present in legitimate emails. From empirical analysis and previous research, we find three psychological traits most dominant in Phishing emails - A Sense of Urgency,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Sadat Shahriar , Arjun Mukherjee , Omprakash Gnawali

Machine learning (ML) has developed rapidly in the past few years and has successfully been utilized for a broad range of tasks, including phishing detection. However, building an effective ML-based detection system is not a trivial task,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Rizka Purwanto , Arindam Pal , Alan Blair , Sanjay Jha

Artificial Intelligence (AI) advancements have enabled the development of Large Language Models (LLMs) that can perform a variety of tasks with remarkable semantic understanding and accuracy. ChatGPT is one such LLM that has gained…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-02 M. Mehdi Kholoosi , M. Ali Babar , Roland Croft

In this study, we evaluated the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly OpenAI's GPT-4, in detecting software vulnerabilities, comparing their performance against traditional static code analyzers like Snyk and Fortify. Our…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-22 David Noever

Phishing emails typically masquerade themselves as reputable identities to trick people into providing sensitive information and credentials. Despite advancements in cybersecurity, attackers continuously adapt, posing ongoing threats to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Sijie Zhuo , Robert Biddle , Jared Daniel Recomendable , Giovanni Russello , Danielle Lottridge

Phishing is the number one threat in the world of internet. Phishing attacks are from decades and with each passing year it is becoming a major problem for internet users as attackers are coming with unique and creative ideas to breach the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Ayesha Arshad , Attique Ur Rehman , Sabeen Javaid , Tahir Muhammad Ali , Javed Anjum Sheikh , Muhammad Azeem

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as promising tools for malware detection by analyzing code semantics, identifying vulnerabilities, and adapting to evolving threats. However, their reliability under adversarial compiler-level…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Ekin Böke , Simon Torka

Enterprise security is increasingly being threatened by social engineering attacks, such as phishing, which deceive employees into giving access to enterprise data. To protect both the users themselves and enterprise data, more and more…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Mithün Paul , Genevieve Bartlett , Jelena Mirkovic , Marjorie Freedman

Logical reasoning of text is an important ability that requires understanding the information present in the text, their interconnections, and then reasoning through them to infer new conclusions. Prior works on improving the logical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Soumya Sanyal , Yichong Xu , Shuohang Wang , Ziyi Yang , Reid Pryzant , Wenhao Yu , Chenguang Zhu , Xiang Ren

Anti-phishing tools typically display generic warnings that offer users limited explanation on why a website is considered malicious, which can prevent end-users from developing the mental models needed to recognize phishing cues on their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Sayak Saha Roy , Cesar Torres , Shirin Nilizadeh

Phishing attacks remain a significant threat in the digital age, yet organizations lack effective methods to tackle phishing attacks without leaking sensitive information. Phish bowl initiatives are a vital part of cybersecurity efforts…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Rei Meguro , Ng S. T. Chong

Spam messes up users inbox, consumes resources and spread attacks like DDoS, MiM, phishing etc. Phishing is a byproduct of email and causes financial loss to users and loss of reputation to financial institutions. In this paper we examine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2011-08-09 Cynthia Dhinakaran , Dhinaharan Nagamalai , Jae Kwang Lee

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced the capabilities of AI-Powered Search Engines (AIPSEs), offering precise and efficient responses by integrating external databases with pre-existing knowledge.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Zeren Luo , Zifan Peng , Yule Liu , Zhen Sun , Mingchen Li , Jingyi Zheng , Xinlei He

Phishing is recognised as a serious threat to organisations and individuals. While there have been significant technical advances in blocking phishing attacks, people remain the last line of defence after phishing emails reach their email…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Sijie Zhuo , Robert Biddle , Yun Sing Koh , Danielle Lottridge , Giovanni Russello

Malicious websites and phishing URLs pose an ever-increasing cybersecurity risk, with phishing attacks growing by 40% in a single year. Traditional detection approaches rely on machine learning classifiers or rule-based scanners operating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Avihay Cohen

The emergence of online services in our daily lives has been accompanied by a range of malicious attempts to trick individuals into performing undesired actions, often to the benefit of the adversary. The most popular medium of these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Lukas Halgas , Ioannis Agrafiotis , Jason R. C. Nurse

The rapid proliferation of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has introduced unprecedented security challenges, particularly in phishing detection within academic environments. Academic institutions and researchers are high-value…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jingzhuo Zhou
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