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Chain-of-thought (CoT), tree-of-thought (ToT), and related techniques work surprisingly well in practice for some complex reasoning tasks with Large Language Models (LLMs), but why? This work seeks the underlying reasons by conducting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Liwei Kang , Zirui Zhao , David Hsu , Wee Sun Lee

We introduce Graph of Thoughts (GoT): a framework that advances prompting capabilities in large language models (LLMs) beyond those offered by paradigms such as Chain-of-Thought or Tree of Thoughts (ToT). The key idea and primary advantage…

Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant accuracy degradation due to insufficient reasoning ability when dealing with complex and abstract tasks. Thought structures such as Chain of Thought (CoT) and Tree of Thought (ToT) focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Fengxiao Tang , Yufeng Li , Zongzong Wu , Ming Zhao

Language models are increasingly being deployed for general problem solving across a wide range of tasks, but are still confined to token-level, left-to-right decision-making processes during inference. This means they can fall short in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Shunyu Yao , Dian Yu , Jeffrey Zhao , Izhak Shafran , Thomas L. Griffiths , Yuan Cao , Karthik Narasimhan

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate significant reasoning capabilities, particularly through long chain-of-thought (CoT) processes, which can be elicited by reinforcement learning (RL). However, prolonged CoT reasoning presents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Haoyuan Wu , Xueyi Chen , Rui Ming , Jilong Gao , Shoubo Hu , Zhuolun He , Bei Yu

In this paper, we introduce the Tree-of-Thought (ToT) framework, a novel approach aimed at improving the problem-solving capabilities of auto-regressive large language models (LLMs). The ToT technique is inspired by the human mind's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Jieyi Long

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable abilities across various language tasks, but solving complex reasoning problems remains a significant challenge. While existing methods, such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT) and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Zhenni Bi , Kai Han , Chuanjian Liu , Yehui Tang , Yunhe Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities, yet their standard generation process -- auto-regressive token prediction -- is inherently myopic and prone to cascading errors. To address this, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Guni Sharon

Recent studies have discovered that Chain-of-Thought prompting (CoT) can dramatically improve the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly when dealing with complex tasks involving mathematics or reasoning. Despite the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Guhao Feng , Bohang Zhang , Yuntian Gu , Haotian Ye , Di He , Liwei Wang

Reasoning methods, best exemplified by the well-known Chain-of-Thought (CoT), empower the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by eliciting them to solve complex tasks in a step-by-step manner. Although they are achieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Leonardo Ranaldi , Giulia Pucci , Federico Ranaldi , Elena Sofia Ruzzetti , Fabio Massimo Zanzotto

While there have been extensive studies in code generation by large language models (LLM), where benchmarks like HumanEval have been surpassed with an impressive 96.3% success rate, these benchmarks predominantly judge a model's performance…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Ricardo La Rosa , Corey Hulse , Bangdi Liu

While the recently introduced Tree of Thoughts (ToT) has heralded advancements in allowing Large Language Models (LLMs) to reason through foresight and backtracking for global decision-making, it has overlooked the inherent local…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Shentong Mo , Miao Xin

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at many tasks but often falter on complex problems that require structured, multi-step reasoning. We introduce the Diagram of Thought (DoT), a framework that enables a single LLM to build and navigate a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yifan Zhang , Yang Yuan , Andrew Chi-Chih Yao

Mathematical Word Problems (MWPs) are among the most challenging tasks in natural language processing because they require both linguistic understanding and multi-step numerical reasoning. While Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Aurprita Mahmood , Sabrin alam , Neloy kumer Sagor , Md. Abdul Hadi , Md. Sehab Al Islam , Minhajul Islam

Many language tasks can be modeled as classification problems where a large language model (LLM) is given a prompt and selects one among many possible answers. We show that the classification error in such problems scales as a power law in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Amrut Nadgir , Vijay Balasubramanian , Pratik Chaudhari

The recent development of chain-of-thought (CoT) decoding has enabled large language models (LLMs) to generate explicit logical reasoning paths for complex problem-solving. However, research indicates that these paths are not always…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Xuan Zhang , Chao Du , Tianyu Pang , Qian Liu , Wei Gao , Min Lin

This paper presents Graph-of-Thought (GoT), a new model for workflow automation that enhances the flexibility and efficiency of Large Language Models (LLMs) in complex task execution. GoT advances beyond traditional linear and tree-like…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Ye Li

As language models have become increasingly successful at a wide array of tasks, different prompt engineering methods have been developed alongside them in order to adapt these models to new tasks. One of them is Tree-of-Thoughts (ToT), a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Alan Boyle , Isha Gupta , Sebastian Hönig , Lukas Mautner , Kenza Amara , Furui Cheng , Mennatallah El-Assady

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing and hold immense potential for advancing Artificial Intelligence. However, the core architecture of most mainstream LLMs -- the Transformer -- has inherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Xiang Zhang , Dujian Ding

The reasoning performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on a wide range of problems critically relies on chain-of-thought prompting, which involves providing a few chain of thought demonstrations as exemplars in prompts. Recent work,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Sijia Chen , Baochun Li , Di Niu
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