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Related papers: Learning Evolving Tools for Large Language Models

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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in various NLP tasks, but they still suffer from challenges such as hallucination and weak numerical reasoning. To overcome these challenges, external tools can be used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Yuchen Zhuang , Yue Yu , Kuan Wang , Haotian Sun , Chao Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming the foundation for autonomous agents that can use tools to solve complex tasks. Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a common approach for injecting such agentic capabilities, but typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Emre Can Acikgoz , Cheng Qian , Jonas Hübotter , Heng Ji , Dilek Hakkani-Tür , Gokhan Tur

Tool learning, which enables large language models (LLMs) to utilize external tools effectively, has garnered increasing attention for its potential to revolutionize productivity across industries. Despite rapid development in tool…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Haotian Chen , Zijun Song , Boye Niu , Ke Zhang , Litu Ou , Yaxi Lu , Zhong Zhang , Xin Cong , Yankai Lin , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Language models (LMs) exhibit remarkable abilities to solve new tasks from just a few examples or textual instructions, especially at scale. They also, paradoxically, struggle with basic functionality, such as arithmetic or factual lookup,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Timo Schick , Jane Dwivedi-Yu , Roberto Dessì , Roberta Raileanu , Maria Lomeli , Luke Zettlemoyer , Nicola Cancedda , Thomas Scialom

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in language understanding and reasoning across diverse domains. Recently, there has been increasing interest in utilizing LLMs not merely as assistants in optimization tasks, but…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Jie Zhao , Tao Wen , Kang Hao Cheong

Recent advancements in function calling and tool use have significantly enhanced the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by enabling them to interact with external information sources and execute complex tasks. However, the limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Suhong Moon , Siddharth Jha , Lutfi Eren Erdogan , Sehoon Kim , Woosang Lim , Kurt Keutzer , Amir Gholami

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in using external tools to address user inquiries. However, most existing evaluations assume tool use in short contexts, offering limited insight into model behavior during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Beong-woo Kwak , Minju Kim , Dongha Lim , Hyungjoo Chae , Dongjin Kang , Sunghwan Kim , Dongil Yang , Jinyoung Yeo

As Large Language Models (LLMs) move from curated training sets into open-ended real-world environments, a fundamental limitation emerges: static training cannot keep pace with continual deployment environment change. Scaling training-time…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Minhua Lin , Hanqing Lu , Zhan Shi , Bing He , Rui Mao , Zhiwei Zhang , Zongyu Wu , Xianfeng Tang , Hui Liu , Zhenwei Dai , Xiang Zhang , Suhang Wang , Benoit Dumoulin , Jian Pei

Effective tool use is essential for large language models (LLMs) to interact with their environment. However, progress is limited by the lack of efficient reinforcement learning (RL) frameworks specifically designed for tool use, due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Junjie Ye , Changhao Jiang , Zhengyin Du , Yufei Xu , Xuesong Yao , Zhiheng Xi , Xiaoran Fan , Qi Zhang , Tao Gui , Xuanjing Huang , Jiecao Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) enhance their problem-solving capability by utilizing external tools. However, in open-world scenarios with massive and evolving tool repositories, existing methods relying on static embedding retrieval or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Shouzheng Huang , Meishan Zhang , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

While integrating external tools into large language models (LLMs) enhances their ability to access real-time information and domain-specific services, existing approaches focus narrowly on functional tool selection following user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Zihao Cheng , Hongru Wang , Zeming Liu , Yuhang Guo , Yuanfang Guo , Yunhong Wang , Haifeng Wang

The discovery of symbolic solutions -- mathematical expressions, logical rules, and algorithmic structures -- is fundamental to advancing scientific and engineering progress. However, traditional methods often struggle with search…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Ping Guo , Qingfu Zhang , Xi Lin

The central challenge of AI for Science is not reasoning alone, but the ability to create computational methods in an open-ended scientific world. Existing LLM-based agents rely on static, pre-defined tool libraries, a paradigm that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Jiaxuan Lu , Ziyu Kong , Yemin Wang , Rong Fu , Haiyuan Wan , Cheng Yang , Wenjie Lou , Haoran Sun , Lilong Wang , Yankai Jiang , Xiaosong Wang , Xiao Sun , Dongzhan Zhou

Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) are the natural extension of large language models to handle multimodal inputs, combining text and image data. They have recently garnered attention due to their capability to address complex tasks involving both…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Federico Cocchi , Nicholas Moratelli , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly act as autonomous agents that must decide when to answer directly vs. when to invoke external tools. Prior work studying adaptive tool use has largely treated tool necessity as a model-agnostic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yize Cheng , Chenrui Fan , Mahdi JafariRaviz , Keivan Rezaei , Soheil Feizi

Despite deep learning's success in chemistry, its impact is hindered by a lack of interpretability and an inability to resolve activity cliffs, where minor structural nuances trigger drastic property shifts. Current representation learning,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Xiangsen Chen , Ruilong Wu , Yanyan Lan , Ting Ma , Yang Liu

Recent studies on software tool manipulation with large language models (LLMs) mostly rely on closed model APIs. The industrial adoption of these models is substantially constrained due to the security and robustness risks in exposing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Qiantong Xu , Fenglu Hong , Bo Li , Changran Hu , Zhengyu Chen , Jian Zhang

Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs) are attracting widespread attention when accessing up-to-date knowledge and alleviating hallucination issues. Nowadays, advanced closed-source LLMs (e.g., ChatGPT) have demonstrated surprising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Anchun Gui , Jian Li , Yong Dai , Nan Du , Han Xiao

As large language models (LLMs) advance, their inability to autonomously execute tasks by directly interacting with external tools remains a critical limitation. Traditional methods rely on inputting tool descriptions as context, which is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Renxi Wang , Xudong Han , Lei Ji , Shu Wang , Timothy Baldwin , Haonan Li

Prevalent retrieval-based tool-use pipelines struggle with a dual semantic challenge: their retrievers often employ encoders that fail to capture complex semantics, while the Large Language Model (LLM) itself lacks intrinsic tool knowledge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Bowen Fang , Wen Ye , Yunyue Su , Jinghao Zhang , Qiang Liu , Yesheng Liu , Xin Sun , Shu Wu , Jiabing Yang , Baole Wei , Liang Wang