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Related papers: Signal Watermark on Large Language Models

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Benchmark contamination poses a significant challenge to the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs) evaluations, as it is difficult to assert whether a model has been trained on a test set. We introduce a solution to this problem by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Tom Sander , Pierre Fernandez , Saeed Mahloujifar , Alain Durmus , Chuan Guo

As large language models (LLMs) generate increasingly human-like text, watermarking has emerged as a promising solution for reliable attribution beyond mere detection. While multi-bit watermarking enables richer provenance encoding,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yidan Wang , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Li Guo

The indistinguishability of AI-generated content from human text raises challenges in transparency and accountability. While several methods exist to watermark models behind APIs, embedding watermark strategies directly into model weights…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Fay Elhassan , Niccolò Ajroldi , Antonio Orvieto , Jonas Geiping

Watermarking has emerged as a crucial method to distinguish AI-generated text from human-created text. Current watermarking approaches often lack formal optimality guarantees or address the scheme and detector design separately. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Haiyun He , Yepeng Liu , Ziqiao Wang , Yongyi Mao , Yuheng Bu

With the recent proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs), there has been an increasing demand for tools to detect machine-generated text. The effective detection of machine-generated text face two pertinent problems: First, they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Mazal Bethany , Brandon Wherry , Emet Bethany , Nishant Vishwamitra , Anthony Rios , Peyman Najafirad

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) in generating content raises concerns about text copyright. Watermarking methods, particularly logit-based approaches, embed imperceptible identifiers into text to address these challenges.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Yiyang Luo , Ke Lin , Chao Gu , Jiahui Hou , Lijie Wen , Ping Luo

We propose a methodology for planting watermarks in text from an autoregressive language model that are robust to perturbations without changing the distribution over text up to a certain maximum generation budget. We generate watermarked…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Rohith Kuditipudi , John Thickstun , Tatsunori Hashimoto , Percy Liang

Language models now routinely produce text that is difficult to distinguish from human writing, raising the need for robust tools to verify content provenance. Watermarking has emerged as a promising countermeasure, with existing work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Huijia Lin , Kameron Shahabi , Min Jae Song

A new approach to linguistic watermarking of language models is presented in which information is imperceptibly inserted into the output text while preserving its readability and original meaning. A cross-attention mechanism is used to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Folco Bertini Baldassini , Huy H. Nguyen , Ching-Chung Chang , Isao Echizen

In recent years, LLM watermarking has emerged as an attractive safeguard against AI-generated content, with promising applications in many real-world domains. However, there are growing concerns that the current LLM watermarking schemes are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Shayleen Reynolds , Hengzhi He , Dung Daniel T. Ngo , Saheed Obitayo , Niccolò Dalmasso , Guang Cheng , Vamsi K. Potluru , Manuela Veloso

Large pre-trained language models (PLMs) have proven to be a crucial component of modern natural language processing systems. PLMs typically need to be fine-tuned on task-specific downstream datasets, which makes it hard to claim the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Chenxi Gu , Chengsong Huang , Xiaoqing Zheng , Kai-Wei Chang , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Text watermarking aims to subtly embed statistical signals into text by controlling the Large Language Model (LLM)'s sampling process, enabling watermark detectors to verify that the output was generated by the specified model. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yixin Cheng , Hongcheng Guo , Yangming Li , Leonid Sigal

Protecting intellectual property on LLM-generated code necessitates effective watermarking systems that can operate within code's highly structured, syntactically constrained nature. In this work, we introduce CodeTracer, an innovative…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zhimeng Guo , Huaisheng Zhu , Siyuan Xu , Hangfan Zhang , Teng Xiao , Minhao Cheng

The rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) has highlighted the pressing need for reliable mechanisms to verify content ownership and ensure traceability. Watermarking offers a promising path forward, but it remains limited by privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Thomas Fargues , Ye Dong , Tianwei Zhang , Jin-Song Dong

We introduce a cryptographic method to hide an arbitrary secret payload in the response of a Large Language Model (LLM). A secret key is required to extract the payload from the model's response, and without the key it is provably…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Or Zamir

Detecting whether copyright holders' works were used in LLM pretraining is poised to be an important problem. This work proposes using data watermarks to enable principled detection with only black-box model access, provided that the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Johnny Tian-Zheng Wei , Ryan Yixiang Wang , Robin Jia

Large Language Models (LLMs) can be misused to spread unwanted content at scale. Content watermarking deters misuse by hiding messages in content, enabling its detection using a secret watermarking key. Robustness is a core security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Abdulrahman Diaa , Toluwani Aremu , Nils Lukas

Advances in generative models have made it possible for AI-generated text, code, and images to mirror human-generated content in many applications. Watermarking, a technique that aims to embed information in the output of a model to verify…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Qi Pang , Shengyuan Hu , Wenting Zheng , Virginia Smith

With the rapid development of cloud-based services, large language models have become increasingly accessible through various web platforms. However, this accessibility has also led to growing risks of model abuse. LLM watermarking has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hao Li , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Yingjie Li , Fang Fang , Shi Wang , Li Guo

We propose a high-payload image watermarking method for textual embedding, where a semantic description of the image - which may also correspond to the input text prompt-, is embedded inside the image. In order to be able to robustly embed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Benedetta Tondi , Andrea Costanzo , Mauro Barni
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