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Complex systems consist of interacting units whose interactions may be pairwise, involving two units, or higher-order, involving more than two units simultaneously. Graphs capture pairwise interactions and represent such systems as…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2026-03-17 Hiren J. Dhameliya , Udit Raj , Sudeepto Bhattacharya

Networks are a fundamental tool for understanding and modeling complex systems in physics, biology, neuroscience, engineering, and social science. Many networks are known to exhibit rich, lower-order connectivity patterns that can be…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Austin R. Benson , David F. Gleich , Jure Leskovec

The most fundamental social interactions among humans occur face to face. Their features have been extensively studied in recent years, owing to the availability of high-resolution data on individuals' proximity. Mathematical models based…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-06-10 Luca Gallo , Chiara Zappalà , Fariba Karimi , Federico Battiston

Network science is a powerful framework allowing to model complex systems, it is capable to describe and take into account the intricate web of connections existing among the constituting basic element of the system. Recently scholars have…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-19 Diego Febbe , Duccio Fanelli , Timoteo Carletti

A wide variety of complex systems are characterized by interactions of different types involving varying numbers of units. Multiplex hypergraphs serve as a tool to describe such structures, capturing distinct types of higher-order…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-09-10 Quintino Francesco Lotito , Alberto Montresor , Federico Battiston

Network interactions that are nonlinear in the state of more than two nodes - also known as higher-order interactions - can have a profound impact on the collective network dynamics. Here we develop a coupled cell hypernetwork formalism to…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-08-02 Manuela Aguiar , Christian Bick , Ana Dias

Many real-world phenomena are naturally modeled by graphs and networks. However, classical graph models are often limited to pairwise interactions and may not adequately capture the richer structures that arise in practice. Higher-order…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Takaaki Fujita , Florentin Smarandache

The importance of higher-order relations is widely recognized in a large number of real-world systems. However, annotating them is a tedious and sometimes impossible task. Consequently, current approaches for data modelling either ignore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Iulia Duta , Pietro Liò

Simplicial complexes describe collaboration networks, protein interaction networks and brain networks and in general network structures in which the interactions can include more than two nodes. In real applications, often simplicial…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-06-21 Owen T. Courtney , Ginestra Bianconi

The richness of many complex systems stems from the interactions among their components. The higher-order nature of these interactions, involving many units at once, and their temporal dynamics constitute crucial properties that shape the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-07-29 Marco Mancastroppa , Iacopo Iacopini , Giovanni Petri , Alain Barrat

Real complex systems are not rigidly structured; no clear rules or blueprints exist for their construction. Yet, amidst their apparent randomness, complex structural properties universally emerge. We propose that an important class of…

We study the evolution of networks through `triplets' - three-node graphlets. We develop a method to compute a transition matrix to describe the evolution of triplets in temporal networks. To identify the importance of higher-order…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-08-02 Qing Yao , Bingsheng Chen , Kim Christensen , Tim S. Evans

In the last twenty years network science has proven its strength in modelling many real-world interacting systems as generic agents, the nodes, connected by pairwise edges. Yet, in many relevant cases, interactions are not pairwise but…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-02-26 Timoteo Carletti , Federico Battiston , Giulia Cencetti , Duccio Fanelli

The propagation of information in social, biological and technological systems represents a crucial component in their dynamic behavior. When limited to pairwise interactions, a rather firm grip is available on the relevant parameters and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-09-15 Z. Li , Z. Deng , Z. Han , K. Alfaro-Bittner , B. Barzel , S. Boccaletti

Hypergraphs, encoding structured interactions among any number of system units, have recently proven a successful tool to describe many real-world biological and social networks. Here we propose a framework based on statistical inference to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Martina Contisciani , Federico Battiston , Caterina De Bacco

Simplicial complexes capture the underlying network topology and geometry of complex systems ranging from the brain to social networks. Here we show that algebraic topology is a fundamental tool to capture the higher-order dynamics of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2021-07-12 Reza Ghorbanchian , Juan G. Restrepo , Joaquín J. Torres , Ginestra Bianconi

The presence of the giant component is a necessary condition for the emergence of collective behavior in complex networked systems. Unlike networks, hypergraphs have an important native feature that components of hypergraphs might be of…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-02-23 Jung-Ho Kim , K. -I. Goh

Higher-order networks encode the many-body interactions existing in complex systems, such as the brain, protein complexes, and social interactions. Simplicial complexes are higher-order networks that allow a comprehensive investigation of…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Xue Gong , Desmond J. Higham , Konstantinos Zygalakis , Ginestra Bianconi

Simplicial complexes are higher-order combinatorial structures which have been used to represent real-world complex systems. In this paper, we concentrate on the local patterns in simplicial complexes called simplets, a generalization of…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Hyunju Kim , Jihoon Ko , Fanchen Bu , Kijung Shin

Dynamic graphs are rife with higher-order interactions, such as co-authorship relationships and protein-protein interactions in biological networks, that naturally arise between more than two nodes at once. In spite of the ubiquitous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Manohar Kaul , Masaaki Imaizumi