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Game-theoretic attribution techniques based on Shapley values are used to interpret black-box machine learning models, but their exact calculation is generally NP-hard, requiring approximation methods for non-trivial models. As the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-04 Rory Mitchell , Joshua Cooper , Eibe Frank , Geoffrey Holmes

Data Shapley provides a principled framework for attributing data's contribution within machine learning contexts. However, existing approaches require re-training models on different data subsets, which is computationally intensive,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Jiachen T. Wang , Prateek Mittal , Dawn Song , Ruoxi Jia

Recently, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) has been widely utilized in various research domains. This is particularly evident in application fields, where SHAP analysis serves as a crucial tool for identifying biomarkers and assisting…

Computation · Statistics 2026-02-02 Kyungjin Kim , Youngro Lee , Jongmo Seo

Ensemble-based modifications of the well-known SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method for the local explanation of a black-box model are proposed. The modifications aim to simplify SHAP which is computationally expensive when there is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Lev V. Utkin , Andrei V. Konstantinov

Large Language Models (LLMs) fine-tuned on serialized tabular data are emerging as powerful alternatives to traditional tree-based models, particularly for heterogeneous or context-rich datasets. However, their deployment in high-stakes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Aryan Chaudhary , Prateek Agarwal , Tejasvi Alladi

Hyperparameters tuning is a fundamental, yet computationally expensive, step in optimizing machine learning models. Beyond optimization, understanding the relative importance and interaction of hyperparameters is critical to efficient model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Moncef Garouani , Ayah Barhrhouj

Machine Learning (ML) is gaining popularity for hypothesis-free discovery of risk and protective factors in healthcare studies. ML is strong at discovering nonlinearities and interactions, but this power is compromised by a lack of reliable…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-01 Giorgio Spadaccini , Marjolein Fokkema , Mark A. van de Wiel

The Shapley value, and its broader family of semi-values, has received much attention in various attribution problems. A fundamental and long-standing challenge is their efficient approximation, since exact computation generally requires an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Weida Li , Yaoliang Yu , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

Changes in input distribution can induce shifts in the average predictions of machine learning models. Such prediction shifts may impact downstream business outcomes (e.g. a bank's loan approval rate), so understanding their causes can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tom Bewley , Salim I. Amoukou , Emanuele Albini , Saumitra Mishra , Manuela Veloso

The Shapley value provides a principled framework for fairly distributing rewards among participants according to their individual contributions. While prior work has applied this concept to data valuation in machine learning, existing…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Zhuofan Jia , Jian Pei

Interpretability of learning algorithms is crucial for applications involving critical decisions, and variable importance is one of the main interpretation tools. Shapley effects are now widely used to interpret both tree ensembles and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-03 Clément Bénard , Gérard Biau , Sébastien da Veiga , Erwan Scornet

Shapley values originated in cooperative game theory but are extensively used today as a model-agnostic explanation framework to explain predictions made by complex machine learning models in the industry and academia. There are several…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-15 Lars Henry Berge Olsen , Ingrid Kristine Glad , Martin Jullum , Kjersti Aas

In this paper we introduce a metric aimed at helping machine learning practitioners quickly summarize and communicate the overall importance of each feature in any black-box machine learning prediction model. Our proposed metric, based on a…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-08-27 Nickalus Redell

A high-velocity paradigm shift towards Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has emerged in recent years. Highly complex Machine Learning (ML) models have flourished in many tasks of intelligence, and the questions have started to shift…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Jacob Dineen , Don Kridel , Daniel Dolk , David Castillo

Automated data preparation pipeline construction is critical for machine learning success, yet existing methods suffer from two fundamental limitations: they treat pipeline construction as black-box optimization without quantifying…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Jing Chang , Chang Liu , Jinbin Huang , Shuyuan Zheng , Rui Mao , Jianbin Qin

Shapley values, which were originally designed to assign attributions to individual players in coalition games, have become a commonly used approach in explainable machine learning to provide attributions to input features for black-box…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Che-Ping Tsai , Chih-Kuan Yeh , Pradeep Ravikumar

Cooperative game theory methods, notably Shapley values, have significantly enhanced machine learning (ML) interpretability. However, existing explainable AI (XAI) frameworks mainly attribute average model predictions, overlooking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Marouane Il Idrissi , Agathe Fernandes Machado , Ewen Gallic , Arthur Charpentier

Predominately in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) research, the Shapley value (SV) is applied to determine feature attributions for any black box model. Shapley interaction indices extend the SV to define any-order feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Fabian Fumagalli , Maximilian Muschalik , Patrick Kolpaczki , Eyke Hüllermeier , Barbara Hammer

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques, such as SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), have become essential tools for interpreting complex ensemble tree-based models, especially in high-stakes domains such as healthcare…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Akshat Dubey , Aleksandar Anžel , Bahar İlgen , Georges Hattab

Feature selection is an essential process in machine learning, especially when dealing with high-dimensional datasets. It helps reduce the complexity of machine learning models, improve performance, mitigate overfitting, and decrease…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Egor Kraev , Baran Koseoglu , Luca Traverso , Mohammed Topiwalla