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In the training of neural networks, adaptive moment estimation (Adam) typically converges fast but exhibits suboptimal generalization performance. A widely accepted explanation for its defect in generalization is that it often tends to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Tao Shi , Liangming Chen , Long Jin , Mengchu Zhou

Focusing on the practical configuration needs of optimization algorithms in deep learning, this article concentrates on five major algorithms: SGD, Mini-batch SGD, Momentum, Adam, and Lion. It systematically analyzes the core advantages,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Deng Fucheng , Wang Wanjie , Gong Ao , Wang Xiaoqi , Wang Fan

SGD and AdamW are the two most used optimizers for fine-tuning large neural networks in computer vision. When the two methods perform the same, SGD is preferable because it uses less memory (12 bytes/parameter with momentum and 8…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Ananya Kumar , Ruoqi Shen , Sebastien Bubeck , Suriya Gunasekar

We introduce a new method inspired by Adam that enhances convergence speed and achieves better loss function minima. Traditional optimizers, including Adam, apply uniform or globally adjusted learning rates across neural networks without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Remi Genet , Hugo Inzirillo

Diagonal preconditioners are computationally feasible approximate to second-order optimizers, which have shown significant promise in accelerating training of deep learning models. Two predominant approaches are based on Adam and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Bingbin Liu , Rachit Bansal , Depen Morwani , Nikhil Vyas , David Alvarez-Melis , Sham M. Kakade

Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam), which combines Adaptive Learning Rate and Momentum, would be the most popular stochastic optimizer for accelerating the training of deep neural networks. However, it is empirically known that Adam often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Zeke Xie , Xinrui Wang , Huishuai Zhang , Issei Sato , Masashi Sugiyama

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is the main approach for training deep networks: it moves towards the optimum of the cost function by iteratively updating the parameters of a model in the direction of the gradient of the loss evaluated on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Loris Nanni , Gianluca Maguolo , Alessandra Lumini

Although adaptive optimization algorithms such as Adam show fast convergence in many machine learning tasks, this paper identifies a problem of Adam by analyzing its performance in a simple non-convex synthetic problem, showing that Adam's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Wenjie Li , Zhaoyang Zhang , Xinjiang Wang , Ping Luo

The Adaptive Momentum Estimation (Adam) algorithm is highly effective in training various deep learning tasks. Despite this, there's limited theoretical understanding for Adam, especially when focusing on its vanilla form in non-convex…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-25 Yusu Hong , Junhong Lin

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are trained using stochastic gradient descent (SGD)-based optimizers. Recently, the adaptive moment estimation (Adam) optimizer has become very popular due to its adaptive momentum, which tackles the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-12 S. K. Roy , M. E. Paoletti , J. M. Haut , S. R. Dubey , P. Kar , A. Plaza , B. B. Chaudhuri

We introduce Adam, an algorithm for first-order gradient-based optimization of stochastic objective functions, based on adaptive estimates of lower-order moments. The method is straightforward to implement, is computationally efficient, has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-31 Diederik P. Kingma , Jimmy Ba

Gradient descent based optimization methods are the methods of choice to train deep neural networks in machine learning. Beyond the standard gradient descent method, also suitable modified variants of standard gradient descent involving…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-29 Steffen Dereich , Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert

Adaptive gradient methods have become popular in optimizing deep neural networks; recent examples include AdaGrad and Adam. Although Adam usually converges faster, variations of Adam, for instance, the AdaBelief algorithm, have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Kushal Chakrabarti , Nikhil Chopra

Understanding the remarkable efficacy of Adam when training transformer-based language models has become a central research topic within the optimization community. To gain deeper insights, several simplifications of Adam have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Antonio Orvieto , Robert M. Gower

Neural networks are usually trained with different variants of gradient descent based optimization algorithms such as stochastic gradient descent or the Adam optimizer. Recent theoretical work states that the critical points (where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Adrian Barbu

Adaptive gradient methods, especially Adam-type methods (such as Adam, AMSGrad, and AdaBound), have been proposed to speed up the training process with an element-wise scaling term on learning rates. However, they often generalize poorly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Zhou Shao , Tong Lin

Deep learning optimization relies heavily on the assumption of smooth loss landscapes, a condition systematically violated by modern architectures due to non-smooth components such as ReLU activations and quantization operators. In such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ruoran Xu , Borong She , Xiaobo Jin , Qiufeng Wang

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable performance, and improving their pre-training process appears to be key to enhancing their capabilities further. Based on the documented success of Adam, learning rate decay, and weight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Yizhou Liu , Ziming Liu , Jeff Gore

AdamZ is an advanced variant of the Adam optimiser, developed to enhance convergence efficiency in neural network training. This optimiser dynamically adjusts the learning rate by incorporating mechanisms to address overshooting and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Ilia Zaznov , Atta Badii , Alfonso Dufour , Julian Kunkel

Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam) is a cornerstone optimization algorithm in deep learning, widely recognized for its flexibility with adaptive learning rates and efficiency in handling large-scale data. However, despite its practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Ruinan Jin , Xiao Li , Yaoliang Yu , Baoxiang Wang