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The study of the fundamental limits of information systems is a central theme in information theory. Both the traditional analytical approach and the recently proposed computational approach have significant limitations, where the former is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Wenjing Chen , Chao Tian

A better understanding of the emergent computation and problem-solving capabilities of recent large language models is of paramount importance to further improve them and broaden their applicability. This work investigates how a language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Davide Maltoni , Matteo Ferrara

Large Language Models have demonstrated outstanding performance across various downstream tasks and have been widely applied in multiple scenarios. Human-annotated preference data is used for training to further improve LLMs' performance,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Shimao Zhang , Xiao Liu , Xin Zhang , Junxiao Liu , Zheheng Luo , Shujian Huang , Yeyun Gong

Solving mathematics problems has been an intriguing capability of large language models, and many efforts have been made to improve reasoning by extending reasoning length, such as through self-correction and extensive long…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Zishun Yu , Tengyu Xu , Di Jin , Karthik Abinav Sankararaman , Yun He , Wenxuan Zhou , Zhouhao Zeng , Eryk Helenowski , Chen Zhu , Sinong Wang , Hao Ma , Han Fang

Optimizing the trade-off among predictive performance and computational cost is a central focus in the deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs). Current routing methods primarily rely on direct mapping from queries to models based on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Bo Lv , Jingbo Sun

Test-time scaling has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by allocating additional computational resources during inference. However, this paradigm is inherently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Shengyin Sun , Yiming Li , Xing Li , Yingzhao Lian , Weizhe Lin , Hui-Ling Zhen , Zhiyuan Yang , Chen Chen , Xianzhi Yu , Mingxuan Yuan , Chen Ma

Recent techniques such as retrieval-augmented generation or chain-of-thought reasoning have led to longer contexts and increased inference costs. Context compression techniques can reduce these costs, but the most effective approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Hippolyte Pilchen , Edouard Grave , Patrick Pérez

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential across numerous applications and have shown an emergent ability to tackle complex reasoning tasks, such as mathematical computations. However, even for the simplest…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Wei Zhang , Chaoqun Wan , Yonggang Zhang , Yiu-ming Cheung , Xinmei Tian , Xu Shen , Jieping Ye

LLM text decoding is key component for perceived LLM quality. We demonstrate two experiments showing that decoding methods could be improved by manipulation of token probabilities. First, we test few LLM on SummEval summary scoring dataset,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Krystian Zawistowski

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown great advances in a variety of tasks, including natural language understanding and generation. However, their use in high-stakes decision-making scenarios is still limited due to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Jiefeng Chen , Jinsung Yoon , Sayna Ebrahimi , Sercan O Arik , Tomas Pfister , Somesh Jha

Sampling is a basic operation in many inference-time algorithms of large language models (LLMs). To scale up inference efficiently with a limited compute, it is crucial to find an optimal allocation for sample compute budgets: Which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Kexun Zhang , Shang Zhou , Danqing Wang , William Yang Wang , Lei Li

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning successfully enhances the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet it incurs substantial computational overhead for inference. Existing CoT compression methods often suffer from a critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yuntian Tang , Bohan Jia , Wenxuan Huang , Lianyue Zhang , Jiao Xie , Wenxi Li , Wei Li , Jie Hu , Xinghao Chen Rongrong Ji , Shaohui Lin

Scaling model size and training data has led to great advances in the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the diminishing returns of this approach necessitate alternative methods to improve model capabilities, particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Daman Arora , Andrea Zanette

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle with computational efficiency and error propagation in multi-step reasoning tasks. While recent advancements on prompting and post-training have enabled LLMs to perform step-wise reasoning, they…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yuan Sui , Yufei He , Tri Cao , Simeng Han , Yulin Chen , Bryan Hooi

With the rapid development of natural language processing technology, large-scale language models (LLM) have achieved remarkable results in a variety of tasks. However, how to effectively train these huge models and improve their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Jiajing Chen , Bingying Liu , Xiaoxuan Liao , Jia Gao , Hongye Zheng , Yue Li

The performance of large language models (LLMs) is closely linked to their underlying size, leading to ever-growing networks and hence slower inference. Speculative decoding has been proposed as a technique to accelerate autoregressive…

Question answering methods are well-known for leveraging data bias, such as the language prior in visual question answering and the position bias in machine reading comprehension (extractive question answering). Current debiasing methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Jie Ma , Pinghui Wang , Zewei Wang , Dechen Kong , Min Hu , Ting Han , Jun Liu

Recently, the number of off-the-shelf Large Language Models (LLMs) has exploded with many open-source options. This creates a diverse landscape regarding both serving options (e.g., inference on local hardware vs remote LLM APIs) and model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Dimitrios Sikeridis , Dennis Ramdass , Pranay Pareek

Large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable performance across numerous tasks by using a diverse array of adaptation strategies. However, optimally selecting a model and adaptation strategy under resource constraints is challenging and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Jiayu Wang , Aws Albarghouthi , Frederic Sala

In this paper, we investigate code-integrated reasoning, where models generate code when necessary and integrate feedback by executing it through a code interpreter. To acquire this capability, models must learn when and how to use external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Fei Bai , Yingqian Min , Beichen Zhang , Zhipeng Chen , Wayne Xin Zhao , Lei Fang , Zheng Liu , Zhongyuan Wang , Ji-Rong Wen