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As large language models (LLMs) reach human-like fluency, reliably distinguishing AI-generated text from human authorship becomes increasingly difficult. While watermarks already exist for LLMs, they often lack flexibility and struggle with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Georg Niess , Roman Kern

A recent watermarking scheme for language models achieves distortion-free embedding and robustness to edit-distance attacks. However, it suffers from limited generation diversity and high detection overhead. In parallel, recent research has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Yangkun Wang , Jingbo Shang

The rapid emergence of generative image models has led to the development of specialized watermarking techniques, particularly in-generation methods such as seed-based embedding. However, current evaluations in this area remain largely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Enoal Gesny , Eva Giboulot

LLMs now exhibit human-like skills in various fields, leading to worries about misuse. Thus, detecting generated text is crucial. However, passive detection methods are stuck in domain specificity and limited adversarial robustness. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Xi Yang , Kejiang Chen , Weiming Zhang , Chang Liu , Yuang Qi , Jie Zhang , Han Fang , Nenghai Yu

Model watermarking techniques can embed watermark information into the protected model for ownership declaration by constructing specific input-output pairs. However, existing watermarks are easily removed when facing model stealing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yunfei Yang , Xiaojun Chen , Yuexin Xuan , Zhendong Zhao , Xin Zhao , He Li

In the rapidly evolving domain of artificial intelligence, safeguarding the intellectual property of Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly crucial. Current watermarking techniques against model extraction attacks, which rely on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Minhao Bai , Kaiyi Pang , Yongfeng Huang

Recently, how to protect the Intellectual Property (IP) of deep neural networks (DNN) becomes a major concern for the AI industry. To combat potential model piracy, recent works explore various watermarking strategies to embed secret…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Yifan Yan , Xudong Pan , Yining Wang , Mi Zhang , Min Yang

Tree-Ring Watermarking is a significant technique for authenticating AI-generated images. However, its effectiveness in rectified flow-based models remains unexplored, particularly given the inherent challenges of these models with noise…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Ved Umrajkar , Aakash Kumar Singh

The huge supporting training data on the Internet has been a key factor in the success of deep learning models. However, this abundance of public-available data also raises concerns about the unauthorized exploitation of datasets for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Ruixiang Tang , Qizhang Feng , Ninghao Liu , Fan Yang , Xia Hu

Watermarking and fingerprinting of relational databases are quite proficient for ownership protection, tamper proofing, and proving data integrity. In past few years several such techniques have been proposed. A survey of almost all the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-01-26 Muhammad Kamran , Muddassar Farooq

Deep neural networks have been widely applied and achieved great success in various fields. As training deep models usually consumes massive data and computational resources, trading the trained deep models is highly demanded and lucrative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Xuankai Liu , Fengting Li , Bihan Wen , Qi Li

Securing digital text is becoming increasingly relevant due to the widespread use of large language models. Individuals' fear of losing control over data when it is being used to train such machine learning models or when distinguishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Malte Hellmeier

In fragile watermarking, a sensitive watermark is embedded in an object in a manner such that the watermark breaks upon tampering. This fragile process can be used to ensure the integrity and source of watermarked objects. While fragile…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Preston K. Robinette , Dung T. Nguyen , Samuel Sasaki , Taylor T. Johnson

With the rapid advancement and extensive application of artificial intelligence technology, large language models (LLMs) are extensively used to enhance production, creativity, learning, and work efficiency across various domains. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yuqing Liang , Jiancheng Xiao , Wensheng Gan , Philip S. Yu

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) has emerged as an effective tool for distinguishing AI-generated text from human-written content. Statistically, watermark schemes induce dependence between generated tokens and a pseudo-random…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-13 Weijie Su , Ruodu Wang , Zinan Zhao

Digital watermarking has been widely used to protect the copyright and integrity of multimedia data. Previous studies mainly focus on designing watermarking techniques that are robust to attacks of destroying the embedded watermarks.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Ruowei Wang , Chenguo Lin , Qijun Zhao , Feiyu Zhu

Being trained on large and vast datasets, visual foundation models (VFMs) can be fine-tuned for diverse downstream tasks, achieving remarkable performance and efficiency in various computer vision applications. The high computation cost of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Anna Chistyakova , Mikhail Pautov

We study the problem of watermarking large language models (LLMs) generated text -- one of the most promising approaches for addressing the safety challenges of LLM usage. In this paper, we propose a rigorous theoretical framework to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Xuandong Zhao , Prabhanjan Ananth , Lei Li , Yu-Xiang Wang

As large language models become increasingly capable and widely deployed, verifying the provenance of machine-generated content is critical to ensuring trust, safety, and accountability. Watermarking techniques have emerged as a promising…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yihan Wu , Ruibo Chen , Georgios Milis , Heng Huang

Protecting intellectual property (IP) of text such as articles and code is increasingly important, especially as sophisticated attacks become possible, such as paraphrasing by large language models (LLMs) or even unauthorized training of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Gregory Kang Ruey Lau , Xinyuan Niu , Hieu Dao , Jiangwei Chen , Chuan-Sheng Foo , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low