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Despite the rapid progress in multimodal models and Large Visual-Language Models (LVLM), they remain highly susceptible to adversarial perturbations, raising serious concerns about their reliability in real-world use. While adversarial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Mujtaba Hussain Mirza , Antonio D'Orazio , Odelia Melamed , Iacopo Masi

Machine learning algorithms have achieved remarkable success across various disciplines, use cases and applications, under the prevailing assumption that training and test samples are drawn from the same distribution. Consequently, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Zehao Xiao , Cees G. M. Snoek

In this paper, we study the application of Test-Time Training (TTT) as a solution to handling distribution shifts in speech applications. In particular, we introduce distribution-shifts to the test datasets of standard speech-classification…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Sri Harsha Dumpala , Chandramouli Sastry , Sageev Oore

Deep learning models often struggle under natural distribution shifts, a common challenge in real-world deployments. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adapting models during inference without labeled source data. We present the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 John Turnbull , Shivam Grover , Amin Jalali , Ali Etemad

Nowadays, one practical limitation of deep neural network (DNN) is its high degree of specialization to a single task or domain (e.g., one visual domain). It motivates researchers to develop algorithms that can adapt DNN model to multiple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Li Yang , Adnan Siraj Rakin , Deliang Fan

This paper introduces a novel application of Test-Time Training (TTT) for Speech Enhancement, addressing the challenges posed by unpredictable noise conditions and domain shifts. This method combines a main speech enhancement task with a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-21 Avishkar Behera , Riya Ann Easow , Venkatesh Parvathala , K. Sri Rama Murty

A robot's deployment environment often involves perceptual changes that differ from what it has experienced during training. Standard practices such as data augmentation attempt to bridge this gap by augmenting source images in an effort to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Takuma Yoneda , Ge Yang , Matthew R. Walter , Bradly Stadie

Generalizing neural networks to unseen target domains is a significant challenge in real-world deployments. Test-time training (TTT) addresses this by using an auxiliary self-supervised task to reduce the domain gap caused by distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Wooseong Jeong , Jegyeong Cho , Youngho Yoon , Kuk-Jin Yoon

Prior to the deployment of robotic systems, pre-training the deep-recognition models on all potential visual cases is infeasible in practice. Hence, test-time adaptation (TTA) allows the model to adapt itself to novel environments and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Junha Song , Kwanyong Park , InKyu Shin , Sanghyun Woo , Chaoning Zhang , In So Kweon

We introduce Train/Test-Time Adaptation with Retrieval (${\rm T^3AR}$), a method to adapt models both at train and test time by means of a retrieval module and a searchable pool of external samples. Before inference, ${\rm T^3AR}$ adapts a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Luca Zancato , Alessandro Achille , Tian Yu Liu , Matthew Trager , Pramuditha Perera , Stefano Soatto

One major problem in deep learning-based solutions for medical imaging is the drop in performance when a model is tested on a data distribution different from the one that it is trained on. Adapting the source model to target data…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-14 Jeya Maria Jose Valanarasu , Pengfei Guo , Vibashan VS , Vishal M. Patel

Previous works on depression detection use datasets collected in similar environments to train and test the models. In practice, however, the train and test distributions cannot be guaranteed to be identical. Distribution shifts can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Sri Harsha Dumpala , Chandramouli Shama Sastry , Rudolf Uher , Sageev Oore

Catastrophic forgetting, the tendency of neural networks to forget previously learned knowledge when learning new tasks, has been a major challenge in continual learning (CL). To tackle this challenge, CL methods have been proposed and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Zhanwang Liu , Yuting Li , Haoyuan Gao , Yexin Li , Linghe Kong , Lichao Sun , Weiran Huang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to improve model generalizability when test data diverges from training distribution, offering the distinct advantage of not requiring access to training data and processes, especially valuable in the context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Yige Yuan , Bingbing Xu , Liang Hou , Fei Sun , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

Often, constraints arise in deployment settings where even lightweight parameter updates e.g. parameter-efficient fine-tuning could induce model shift or tuning instability. We study test-time adaptation of foundation models for few-shot…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-04 Tahir Qasim Syed , Behraj Khan

In this paper, we propose Test-Time Training, a general approach for improving the performance of predictive models when training and test data come from different distributions. We turn a single unlabeled test sample into a self-supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Yu Sun , Xiaolong Wang , Zhuang Liu , John Miller , Alexei A. Efros , Moritz Hardt

The performance of deep learning models depends heavily on test samples at runtime, and shifts from the training data distribution can significantly reduce accuracy. Test-time adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adapting models during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Michal Danilowski , Soumyajit Chatterjee , Abhirup Ghosh

Deep-learning models have been successful in biomedical image segmentation. To generalize for real-world deployment, test-time augmentation (TTA) methods are often used to transform the test image into different versions that are hopefully…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Kangxian Xie , Siyu Huang , Sebastian Andres Cajas Ordonez , Hanspeter Pfister , Donglai Wei

This paper introduces Dynamic Embeddings with Task-Oriented prompting (DETOT), a novel approach aimed at improving the adaptability and efficiency of machine learning models by implementing a flexible embedding layer. Unlike traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Allmin Balloccu , Jack Zhang

Test-time training provides a new approach solving the problem of domain shift. In its framework, a test-time training phase is inserted between training phase and test phase. During test-time training phase, usually parts of the model are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Bochao Zhang , Rui Shao , Jingda Du , PC Yuen