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The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is one of the canonical algorithms designed to find approximate solutions to combinatorial optimization problems in current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. It is an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-12 Ping Zou

An enhanced framework of quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is introduced and the parameter setting strategies are analyzed. The enhanced QAOA is as effective as the QAOA but exhibits greater computing power and flexibility,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-18 Mingyou Wu , Zhihao Liu , Hanwu Chen

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm to solve binary-variable optimization problems. Due to the short circuit depth and its expected robustness to systematic errors, it is one of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-23 Jason Larkin , Matías Jonsson , Daniel Justice , Gian Giacomo Guerreschi

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm is commonly used to solve combinatorial optimization problems. While unconstrained problems map naturally into the algorithm, incorporating constraints typically requires penalizing constraint…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-01 Matthew Brunet , Shilpi Shah , Mostafa Atallah , Anthony Wilkie , Rebekah Herrman

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) -- one of the leading algorithms for applications on intermediate-scale quantum processors -- is designed to provide approximate solutions to combinatorial optimization problems with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-18 Pontus Vikstål , Laura García-Álvarez , Shruti Puri , Giulia Ferrini

The present tutorial aims to provide a comprehensible and easily accessible introduction into the theory and implementation of the famous Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). We lay our focus on practical aspects and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-24 Andreas Sturm

Combinatorial optimization problems are ubiquitous and computationally hard to solve in general. Quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA), one of the most representative quantum-classical hybrid algorithms, is designed to solve…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-12 Lixue Cheng , Yu-Qin Chen , Shi-Xin Zhang , Shengyu Zhang

While the ultimate goal of solving computationally intractable problems is to find a provably optimal solutions, practical constraints of real-world scenarios often necessitate focusing on efficiently obtaining high-quality, near-optimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-23 Prashanti Priya Angara , Emily Martins , Ulrike Stege , Hausi Müller

Motivated by the recent advancement of quantum processors, we investigate quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) to employ quasi-maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding of classical channel codes. QAOA is a hybrid quantum-classical…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-03-07 Toshiki Matsumine , Toshiaki Koike-Akino , Ye Wang

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has emerged as a promising variational quantum algorithm for addressing NP hard combinatorial optimization problems. However, a significant limitation lies in optimizing its classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-22 Peter Gleißner , Georg Kruse , Andreas Roßkopf

This short tutorial provides an introduction to the Quantum Approximation Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). Specifically, how to use QAOA with the Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) algorithm to solve the Max-Cut…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-04 Salonik Resch

Quantum computing is an emerging field on the multidisciplinary interface between physics, engineering, and computer science with the potential to make a large impact on computational intelligence (CI). The aim of this paper is to introduce…

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is one of the most prominent proposed applications for near-term quantum computing. Here we study the ability of QAOA to solve hard constraint satisfaction problems, as opposed to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-16 Sami Boulebnane , Ashley Montanaro

Quantum variational algorithms have garnered significant interest recently, due to their feasibility of being implemented and tested on noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) devices. We examine the robustness of the quantum approximate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-05 Yulong Dong , Xiang Meng , Lin Lin , Robert Kosut , K. Birgitta Whaley

Combinatorial optimization is anticipated to be one of the primary use cases for quantum computation in the coming years. The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) and Quantum Annealing (QA) can potentially demonstrate…

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is expected to offer advantages over classical approaches when solving combinatorial optimization problems in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era. In its standard…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Arkadiusz Wołk , Karol Capała , Katarzyna Rycerz

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) has been introduced as a heuristic digital quantum computing scheme to find approximate solutions of combinatorial problems with shallow circuits. We present a scheme to parallelize this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-02 Wolfgang Lechner

In the rapidly advancing domain of quantum optimization, the confluence of quantum algorithms such as Quantum Annealing (QA) and the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) with robust optimization methodologies presents a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-14 Pascal Halffmann , Steve Lenk , Michael Trebing

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a general purpose quantum algorithm designed for combinatorial optimization. We analyze its expected performance and prove concentration properties at any constant level (number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-19 Joao Basso , David Gamarnik , Song Mei , Leo Zhou

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a leading variational approach to combinatorial optimization, but its practical performance depends strongly on objective design, parameter search, and shot allocation. We present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-09 Siran Zhang , Shuming Cheng